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Hufner
A ''Hufner'', also spelt ''Hüfner'', was a farmer in medieval Europe who managed one or more oxgangs (German: ''Hufe'') as his own property. The actual names of these members of the farming community varied from region to region. In the Low Saxon dialect region the term ''Hovener'' or ''Hofener'' was used, in the Central German region they were mainly known as ''Hufner'' or ''Hüfner'' and in the Upper German region as ''Huber''. In many areas, completely different names were also used, such as ''Ackermann'', ''Pferdner'' or, in the Upper Saxon Upper Saxon (german: Obersächsisch, ; ) is an East Central German language spoken in much of the modern German state of Saxony and in adjacent parts of southeastern Saxony-Anhalt and eastern Thuringia. As of the early 21st century, it's m ... region, even ''besessene Mann'' or ''besessene Männer''. (Note: ''Pferdner'' actually refers to a similar type of farmer who owned and managed one or more horse teams (''pferdegespannen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxgang
An oxgang or bovate ( ang, oxangang; da, oxgang; gd, damh-imir; lat-med, bovāta) is an old land measurement formerly used in Scotland and England as early as the 16th century sometimes referred to as an oxgait. It averaged around 20 English acres, but was based on land fertility and cultivation, and so could be as low as 15. An oxgang is also known as a ''bovate'', from ''bovāta'', a Medieval Latinisation of the word, derived from the Latin '' bōs'', meaning "ox, bullock or cow". Oxen, through the Scottish Gaelic word ''damh'' or ''dabh'', also provided the root of the land measurement 'daugh'. Skene in ''Celtic Scotland'' says: : "in the eastern district there is a uniform system of land denomination consisting of ' dabhachs', 'ploughgates' and 'oxgangs', each 'dabhach' consisting of four 'ploughgates' and each 'ploughgate' containing eight 'oxgangs'. :"As soon as we cross the great chain of mountains Grampian Mountains] separating the North Sea, eastern from the Atlantic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Huemer
Huemer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Dick Huemer (1898–1979), American animator *Michael Huemer Michael Huemer (; born 27 December 1969) is a professor of philosophy at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He has defended ethical intuitionism, direct realism, libertarianism, veganism, and philosophical anarchism. Education and career Hue ... (born 1969), American philosophy professor {{Short pages monitor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Socage
Socage () was one of the feudal duties and land tenure forms in the Feudalism, English feudal system. It eventually evolved into the freehold tenure called "free and common socage", which did not involve feudal duties. Farmers held land in exchange for clearly defined, fixed payments made at specified intervals to feudal lords. The lord was therefore obligated to provide certain services, such as protection, to the farmer and other duties to the Crown. Payments usually took the form of cash, but occasionally could be made with goods. Socage contrasted with other forms of tenure, including serjeanty, frankalmoin and knight-service. The England and Wales, English statute ''Quia Emptores'' of Edward I of England, Edward I (1290) established that socage tenure passed from one generation or nominee to the next would be subject to inquisitions post mortem, which would usually involve a feudal relief tax. This contrasts with the treatment of Leasehold estate, leases, which could be lif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Horse And Carriage
] A horse and buggy (in American English) or horse and carriage (in British English and American English) refers to a light, simple, two-person carriage of the late 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, drawn usually by one or sometimes by two horses. Also called a roadster or a trap, it was made with two wheels in England and the United States (also made with four wheels). It had a folding or falling top. History A Concorde buggy, first made in Concord, New Hampshire, had a body with low sides and side-spring suspension. A buggy having two seats was called a double buggy. A buggy called a stanhope typically had a high seat and closed back. The bodies of buggies were sometimes suspended on a pair of longitudinal elastic wooden bars called ''sidebars''. A buggy whip had a small, usually tasseled tip called a ''snapper''. In countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, it was a primary mode of short-distance personal transportation, especially between 181 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hübner
__NOTOC__ Hübner is a Germanic surname, sometimes spelled Huebner or Hubner. The name means an agricultural worker, a farmer, possibly and specifically one who worked a "hube", which was a piece of land roughly equivalent to the English measurement of a " hide", about 120 acres. The appearance of this surname is attributed to medieval feudal Germany. Surname Database Notable people with this surname include: Academics * Arthur Hübner, German philologist * Chris Huebner, Canadian Mennonite theologian * (1834–1 ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Höffner (other)
Höffner, Hoffner or Hoeffner may refer to: * Joseph Höffner (1906–1987), a German cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church * Höffner (furniture retailer) in Germany * Carleton Hoffner, American figure skater * Charles Hoffner (1896–1981), American professional golfer * Harry A. Hoffner (1934–2015), American professor of Hittitology * Hoffner Historic District, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. * Helen Hoffner, singer, who released the album Wild about Nothing * Lou (German singer) (Louise Hoffner, born 1963) See also * Höfner, German manufacturer of musical instruments *Hefner (other) Hefner or Heffner is a German surname meaning 'potter'. It may refer to: *Hefner (band), British rock band People with the surname Hefner * Art Hefner (1913–1988), American center fielder *Avraham Heffner, (1935–2014), Israeli filmmaker * Bern ... {{DEFAULTSORT:Hoffner German-language surnames ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hueber
Hueber is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Aubin Hueber (born 1967), former French rugby union footballer and a current coach * Charles Hueber (1883–1943), Alsatian politician See also * Hüber (German-language surname) * Huber (German-language surname) * Pou (surname) * Pou (other) {{DEFAULTSORT:Hueber French-language surnames ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Huber
Huber is a German-language surname. It derives from the German word ''Hube'' meaning hide, a unit of land a farmer might possess, granting them the status of a free tenant. It is in the top ten most common surnames in the German-speaking world, especially in Austria and Switzerland where it is the surname of approximately 0.3% of the population. Variants arising from varying dialectal pronunciation of the surname include Hueber, Hüber, Huemer, Humer, Haumer, Huebner and (anglicized) Hoover. People with the surname Huber A *Adam Huber (born 1987), American actor and model. *Alexander Huber (born 1968), German climber and mountaineer *Alexander Huber (football) (born 1985), German football player * Alyson Huber (born 1972), Californian legislator elected to the State Assembly in 2008 *Anja Huber (born 1983), German skeleton racer *Anke Huber (born 1974), German tennis player *Anthony Huber (born 1994), killed in the Kenosha unrest shooting B *Bruno Huber (1930–1999), Swis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Estate In Land
An estate in land is, in the law of England and Wales, an interest in real property that is or may become possessory. It is a type of personal property and encompasses land ownership, rental and other arrangements that give people the right to use land. This is distinct from sovereignty over the land, which includes the right to government and taxation. This should be distinguished from an " estate" as used in reference to an area of land, and " estate" as used to refer to property in general. In property law, the rights and interests associated with an estate in land may be conceptually understood as a "bundle of rights" because of the potential for different parties having different interests in the same real property. Categories of estates Estates in land can be divided into four basic categories: # Freehold estates: rights of conveyable exclusive possession and use, having ''immobility'' and ''indeterminate duration'' #* fee simple #** fee simple absolute—most r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tenant Farmer
A tenant farmer is a person (farmer or farmworker) who resides on land owned by a landlord. Tenant farming is an agricultural production system in which landowners contribute their land and often a measure of operating capital and management, while tenant farmers contribute their labor along with at times varying amounts of capital and management. Depending on the contract, tenants can make payments to the owner either of a fixed portion of the product, in cash or in a combination. The rights the tenant has over the land, the form, and measures of payment vary across systems (geographically and chronologically). In some systems, the tenant could be evicted at whim ( tenancy at will); in others, the landowner and tenant sign a contract for a fixed number of years ( tenancy for years or indenture). In most developed countries today, at least some restrictions are placed on the rights of landlords to evict tenants under normal circumstances. England and Wales Historically, rural ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morgen
A morgen was a unit of measurement of land area in Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Lithuania and the Dutch colonies, including South Africa and Taiwan. The size of a morgen varies from . It was also used in Old Prussia, in the Balkans, Norway and Denmark, where it was equal to about . The word is identical with the German and Dutch word for "morning", because, similarly to the Imperial acre, it denoted the acreage that could be furrowed in a morning's time by a man behind an ox or horse dragging a single bladed plough. The ''morgen'' was commonly set at about 60–70% of the ''tagwerk'' (German for "day work") referring to a full day of ploughing. In 1869, the North German Confederation fixed the morgen at a but in modern times most farmland work is measured in full hectares. The next lower measurement unit was the German "rute" or Imperial rod but the metric rod length of never became popular. A unit derived from the Dutch morgen is still used in Taiwan today, called " kah" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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