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Heterotrich
The heterotrichs are a class of ciliates. They typically have a prominent adoral zone of membranelles circling the mouth, used in locomotion and feeding, and shorter cilia on the rest of the body. Many species are highly contractile, and are typically compressed or conical in form. These include some of the largest protozoa, such as ''Stentor'' and ''Spirostomum'', as well as many brightly pigmented forms, such as certain ''Blepharisma''. Etymology The term ''heterotrich'' derives from the ancient Greek (), meaning "another, different", and , (), meaning 'hair', because of the contrast between the regular somatic ciliation and the one of the oral zone. Ultrastructure A number of ultrastructural details characterize the group. The cilia on the body are in dikinetids, in which either the anterior one or both kinetosomes may be ciliated, and which are associated with fibers composed of overlapping postciliary microtubules, called ''postciliodesmata'' and found only in this g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spirostomum
''Spirostomum'' is a genus of ciliated protists that belongs to the class Heterotrichea. It is known for being very contractile.Fernandes, N.M.; da Silva Neto, I.D. (2013). “Morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequence of ''Spirostomum minus'' and ''Spirostomum teres'' (Ciliophora: Heterotrichea) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil”. ''Zoologia'' 30: 72-79doi: 10.1590/S1984-46702013000100009 Having been first identified by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1834, further research has identified eight additional true morphospecies.Bishop, A. (1923). “Some observations upon ''Spirostomum ambiguum'' (Ehrenberg)”. ''Journal of Cell Science'' 267: 391-434doi: 10.1242/jcs.s2-67.267.391/ref>Fokin, S. (2004). “A brief history of ciliate studies (late XVII the first third of the XX century)”''Protistology'' 3: 283-296./ref>Boscaro, V.; Carducci, D.; Barbieri, G.; Senra, M.V.X.; Andreoli, I.; Erra, F.; Petroni, G.; Verni, F.; Fokin, S.I. (2014). “Focusing on genera to improve species identifi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ciliate
The ciliates are a group of alveolates characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to flagellum, eukaryotic flagella, but are in general shorter and present in much larger numbers, with a different wikt:undulating, undulating pattern than flagella. Cilia occur in all members of the group (although the peculiar Suctoria only have them for part of their biological life cycle, life cycle) and are variously used in swimming, crawling, attachment, feeding, and sensation. Ciliates are an important group of protists, common almost anywhere there is water—in lakes, ponds, oceans, rivers, and soils. About 4,500 unique free-living species have been described, and the potential number of extant species is estimated at 27,000–40,000. Included in this number are many Ectosymbiosis, ectosymbiotic and endosymbiotic species, as well as some Obligate parasite, obligate and Facultative parasite, opportunistic parasites. Ciliate species r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blepharismidae
Blepharismidae is a family of unicellular ciliate protists found in fresh and salt water. Two genera are recognized: ''Blepharisma'', which contains some model organisms, and ''Pseudoblepharisma'' (monotypic in most sources) ''Parablepharisma'' was part of the family, but more careful inspection (morphological and molecular) has placed it in a separate class distinct from the heterotrichs. Acquisition of ribosomal sequences from ''Pseudoblepharisma'' in 2021 and 2022 also produces phylogenetic results incongruent with current taxonomy, instead placing the genus sister to ''Spirostomum ''Spirostomum'' is a genus of ciliated protists that belongs to the class Heterotrichea. It is known for being very contractile.Fernandes, N.M.; da Silva Neto, I.D. (2013). “Morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequence of ''Spirostomum minus'' and ''S ...''. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q18670525 Heterotrichea Taxa described in 1985 Alveolata families ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polykinetid
The ciliates are a group of alveolates characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to eukaryotic flagella, but are in general shorter and present in much larger numbers, with a different undulating pattern than flagella. Cilia occur in all members of the group (although the peculiar Suctoria only have them for part of their life cycle) and are variously used in swimming, crawling, attachment, feeding, and sensation. Ciliates are an important group of protists, common almost anywhere there is water—in lakes, ponds, oceans, rivers, and soils. About 4,500 unique free-living species have been described, and the potential number of extant species is estimated at 27,000–40,000. Included in this number are many ectosymbiotic and endosymbiotic species, as well as some obligate and opportunistic parasites. Ciliate species range in size from as little as 10 µm in some colpodeans to as much as 4 mm in length in some gele ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blepharisma
''Blepharisma'' is a genus of unicellular ciliate protists found in fresh and salt water. The group includes about 40 accepted species, and many sub-varieties and strains. While species vary considerably in size and shape, most are easily identified by their red or pinkish color, which is caused by granules of the pigment blepharismin. All members of the genus possess a long series of membranelles on the left side of the oral groove, and an "undulating membrane" (a structure resembling a flap, scarf or small sail, composed of long cilia fused together as a single sheet) on the right side of the peristome, toward the posterior. Certain species of ''Blepharisma'' have served as model organisms for scientific research. Since some varieties are easily cultured and readily available from scientific supply houses, they are a common object of study in school science classes. Appearance ''Blepharisma'' may be as small as 50 micrometres in length, or as large as 1 mm (though no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Folliculinidae
The Folliculinidae are a family of ciliates in the class Heterotrichea, with the common name "bottle-animalcule". Description Folliculinids are called "bottle-animalcules" because mature individuals are sessile and live inside a bottle-shaped lorica (shell). The cell body has two wing-shaped protrusions, called peristomal wings, which carry the ciliary structures which are part of the oral apparatus, by which they feed. Mature folliculinids are often attached to substrates like algae, plants, and animal shells or carapaces. They can be found in both marine and freshwater habitats, and feed on bacteria and other eukaryotic microorganisms. Many species are pigmented, and some species from the deep sea that live near hydrothermal vents form large and extensive mats, which are called "blue mats" because of the color from the ciliates. These blue-mat folliculinids have a symbiotic association with bacteria, which may be found within the lorica, attached to the surface of the cilia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stentor (genus)
''Stentor'', sometimes called trumpet animalcules, are a genus of filter-feeding, heterotrophic ciliates, representative of the heterotrichs. They are usually horn-shaped, and reach lengths of two millimeters; as such, they are among the largest known extant unicellular organisms. They reproduce asexually through binary fission. Description The body, or cortex, is generally horn-shaped, hence the association with the Greek herald, and the former name "trumpet animalcule". A ring of prominent cilia around the anterior "bell" sweep in food and aid in swimming. Some reach several millimeters in length, making them among the largest single-celled organisms. ''Stentor'' can come in different colors: for example, ''S. coeruleus'' can appear blue due to the presence of stentorin, a natural pigment. As in many freshwater protozoans, ''Stentor'' has a contractile vacuole. Because the concentration of salt inside the cell and in the surrounding freshwater is different, ''Stentor'' must ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stentoridae
''Stentor'', sometimes called trumpet animalcules, are a genus of filter-feeding, heterotrophic ciliates, representative of the heterotrichs. They are usually horn-shaped, and reach lengths of two millimeters; as such, they are among the largest known extant unicellular organisms. They reproduce asexually through binary fission. Description The body, or cortex, is generally horn-shaped, hence the association with the Greek herald, and the former name "trumpet animalcule". A ring of prominent cilia around the anterior "bell" sweep in food and aid in swimming. Some reach several millimeters in length, making them among the largest single-celled organisms. ''Stentor'' can come in different colors: for example, ''S. coeruleus'' can appear blue due to the presence of stentorin, a natural pigment. As in many freshwater protozoans, ''Stentor'' has a contractile vacuole. Because the concentration of salt inside the cell and in the surrounding freshwater is different, ''Stentor'' must ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stentor Roeselii
''Stentor roeselii'' is a free-living ciliate species of the genus ''Stentor (ciliate), Stentor'', in the Class (biology), class Heterotrichea. It is a common and widespread protozoan, found throughout the world in freshwater ponds, lakes, rivers and ditches. Appearance and Characteristics ''S. roeselii'' is found in still or slow-moving bodies of water, where it feeds on bacteria, flagellates, algae, and other ciliates. When feeding, the cell is fixed in place (Sessility (motility), sessile), attached by a posterior "holdfast" organelle to a firm surface such as plant stem or submerged detritus. Attached specimens are trumpet-shaped, and very contractile. When swimming freely, cells are compactly ovoid. Fully stretched out specimens are usually between 500 and 1200 micrometres in length, but size is extremely variable. It is a colourless species, with no pigmentation in the cell cortex. The body of the organism is covered with 40-80 longitudinal rows of cilia, and the oral re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stentor Coeruleus
''Stentor coeruleus'' is a protist in the family Stentoridae which is characterized by being a very large ciliate that measures 0.5 to 2 millimetres when fully extended. ''Stentor coeruleus'' specifically appears as a very large trumpet. It contains a macronucleus that looks like a string of beads that are contained within a ciliate that is blue to blue-green in color. It has the ability to contract into a ball through the contraction of its many myonemes. It has the ability to swim while both fully extended or contracted. ''Stentor coeruleus'' is known for its regenerative abilities. When this organism is cut in half, each half is able to regenerate a half-sized cell that has its normal anatomy and will look the same way it did prior to being cut. It feeds by means of cilia that carry food into the gullet. DNA The genetic code is the "universal" code, and not the usual form Ciliate, dasycladacean and hexamita nuclear code, for ciliates. The introns are unusually small, only ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Franz Theodor Doflein
Franz Theodor Doflein (5 April 1873, in Paris – 24 August 1924, in Obernigk, near today's Wrocław) was a German zoologist known for his studies of animal ecology. Biography He studied medicine and zoology at the University of Munich, where he was influenced by Richard Hertwig. In 1895–96 he worked as an auxiliary assistant to Alexander Götte at the University of Strasbourg, followed by research of fish diseases at Munich as an assistant under Bruno Hofer. In 1898, on behalf of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, he took part in a study trip to the West Indies, Mexico and California. After his return to Germany, he served as an assistant at the ''Zoologischen Staatssammlung'' (Zoological State Collections) in Munich.Doflein, Franz at Deutsche Biographie In 1904–05 he conducted zoological research in |
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