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Blepharismidae
Blepharismidae is a family of unicellular ciliate protists found in fresh and salt water. Two genera are recognized: ''Blepharisma'', which contains some model organisms, and ''Pseudoblepharisma'' (monotypic in most sources) ''Parablepharisma'' was part of the family, but more careful inspection (morphological and molecular) has placed it in a separate class distinct from the heterotrichs. Acquisition of ribosomal sequences from ''Pseudoblepharisma'' in 2021 and 2022 also produces phylogenetic results incongruent with current taxonomy, instead placing the genus sister to ''Spirostomum ''Spirostomum'' is a genus of ciliated protists that belongs to the class Heterotrichea. It is known for being very contractile.Fernandes, N.M.; da Silva Neto, I.D. (2013). “Morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequence of ''Spirostomum minus'' and ''S ...''. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q18670525 Heterotrichea Taxa described in 1985 Alveolata families ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterotrich
The heterotrichs are a class of ciliates. They typically have a prominent adoral zone of membranelles circling the mouth, used in locomotion and feeding, and shorter cilia on the rest of the body. Many species are highly contractile, and are typically compressed or conical in form. These include some of the largest protozoa, such as ''Stentor'' and ''Spirostomum'', as well as many brightly pigmented forms, such as certain ''Blepharisma''. Etymology The term ''heterotrich'' derives from the ancient Greek (), meaning "another, different", and , (), meaning 'hair', because of the contrast between the regular somatic ciliation and the one of the oral zone. Ultrastructure A number of ultrastructural details characterize the group. The cilia on the body are in dikinetids, in which either the anterior one or both kinetosomes may be ciliated, and which are associated with fibers composed of overlapping postciliary microtubules, called ''postciliodesmata'' and found only in this g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Family (biology)
Family ( la, familia, plural ') is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between order and genus. A family may be divided into subfamilies, which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae, but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". What belongs to a family—or if a described family should be recognized at all—are proposed and determined by practicing taxonomists. There are no hard rules for describing or recognizing a family, but in plants, they can be characterized on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species. Taxonomists often take different positions about descriptions, and there may be no broad consensus across the scientific community for some time. The publishing of new data and opini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unicellular
A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of a single cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of multiple cells. Organisms fall into two general categories: prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms. All prokaryotes are unicellular and are classified into bacteria and archaea. Many eukaryotes are multicellular, but some are unicellular such as protozoa, unicellular algae, and unicellular fungi. Unicellular organisms are thought to be the oldest form of life, with early protocells possibly emerging 3.8–4.0 billion years ago. Although some prokaryotes live in colonies, they are not specialised cells with differing functions. These organisms live together, and each cell must carry out all life processes to survive. In contrast, even the simplest multicellular organisms have cells that depend on each other to survive. Most multicellular organisms have a unicellular life-cycle stage. Gametes, for example, are r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ciliate
The ciliates are a group of alveolates characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to flagellum, eukaryotic flagella, but are in general shorter and present in much larger numbers, with a different wikt:undulating, undulating pattern than flagella. Cilia occur in all members of the group (although the peculiar Suctoria only have them for part of their biological life cycle, life cycle) and are variously used in swimming, crawling, attachment, feeding, and sensation. Ciliates are an important group of protists, common almost anywhere there is water—in lakes, ponds, oceans, rivers, and soils. About 4,500 unique free-living species have been described, and the potential number of extant species is estimated at 27,000–40,000. Included in this number are many Ectosymbiosis, ectosymbiotic and endosymbiotic species, as well as some Obligate parasite, obligate and Facultative parasite, opportunistic parasites. Ciliate species r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protists
A protist () is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. While it is likely that protists share a common ancestor (the last eukaryotic common ancestor), the exclusion of other eukaryotes means that protists do not form a natural group, or clade. Therefore, some protists may be more closely related to animals, plants, or fungi than they are to other protists. However, like the groups ''algae'', ''invertebrates'', and ''protozoans'', the biological category ''protist'' is used for convenience. Others classify any unicellular eukaryotic microorganism as a protist. The study of protists is termed protistology. History The classification of a third kingdom separate from animals and plants was first proposed by John Hogg in 1860 as the kingdom Protoctista; in 1866 Ernst Haeckel also proposed a third kingdom Protista as "the kingdom of primitive forms". Originally these also included prokaryotes, but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blepharisma
''Blepharisma'' is a genus of unicellular ciliate protists found in fresh and salt water. The group includes about 40 accepted species, and many sub-varieties and strains. While species vary considerably in size and shape, most are easily identified by their red or pinkish color, which is caused by granules of the pigment blepharismin. All members of the genus possess a long series of membranelles on the left side of the oral groove, and an "undulating membrane" (a structure resembling a flap, scarf or small sail, composed of long cilia fused together as a single sheet) on the right side of the peristome, toward the posterior. Certain species of ''Blepharisma'' have served as model organisms for scientific research. Since some varieties are easily cultured and readily available from scientific supply houses, they are a common object of study in school science classes. Appearance ''Blepharisma'' may be as small as 50 micrometres in length, or as large as 1 mm (though no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudoblepharisma
''Pseudoblepharisma'' is a genus of heterotrich ciliates inhabiting oxygen depleted freshwater habitats. Most sources report that it contains one species, ''Pseudoblepharisma tenue'', but at least four have been seen in literature. ''P. tenue'' was originally described in Germany as ''Blepharisma tenuis''. Starting in 2006, it was recognized that the German strain may have two bacterial symbionts, one pink, one green. In 2021, both symbionts were confirmed to be photosynthetic: a ''Chlorella'' sp. K10 (green algae), discovered earlier as a symbiont of ''Hydra viridissima''; and Ca. '' Thiodictyon intracellulare'' (Chromatiaceae), a purple sulfur bacterium that has lost its sulfur-metabolizing genes. The complexity of such a tripartite symbiosis is novel to science. European reports also mentioned a variant ''P. tenue'' var. ''viride'', which only has green symbionts. In 2022, one strain matching these descriptions was found in tropical freshwaters of Florida, North America. Unlik ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monotypic
In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispecific" or "monospecific" is sometimes preferred. In botanical nomenclature, a monotypic genus is a genus in the special case where a genus and a single species are simultaneously described. In contrast, an oligotypic taxon contains more than one but only a very few subordinate taxa. Examples Just as the term ''monotypic'' is used to describe a taxon including only one subdivision, the contained taxon can also be referred to as monotypic within the higher-level taxon, e.g. a genus monotypic within a family. Some examples of monotypic groups are: Plants * In the order Amborellales, there is only one family, Amborellaceae and there is only one genus, '' Amborella'', and in this genus there is only one species, namely ''Amborella trichopoda. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parablepharisma
Parablepharismea is a class of free-living marine and brackish anaerobic ciliates that form a major clade of obligate anaerobes within the SAL group ( Spirotrichea, Armophorea, and Litostomatea), together with the classes Muranotrichea and Armophorea Armophorea is a class of ciliates in the subphylum Intramacronucleata. . It was first resolved in 2004 and comprises three orders: Metopida, Clevelandellida, and Armophorida. Previously members of this class were thought to be heterotrichs becau .... Parablepharismea are medium to large, elongated ciliates with navicular outline and holotrichous somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids without postciliodesmata. Their oral ciliature is composed of bipartite paroral membrane and adoral zone of membranelles. They host a thick coat of prokaryotic ectosymbionts and cytoplasmic endosymbionts. They are found in micro-oxic marine to brackish habitats. Parablepharismea may be related to the deep sea Cariacotrichea ciliates. This class c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spirostomum
''Spirostomum'' is a genus of ciliated protists that belongs to the class Heterotrichea. It is known for being very contractile.Fernandes, N.M.; da Silva Neto, I.D. (2013). “Morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequence of ''Spirostomum minus'' and ''Spirostomum teres'' (Ciliophora: Heterotrichea) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil”. ''Zoologia'' 30: 72-79doi: 10.1590/S1984-46702013000100009 Having been first identified by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1834, further research has identified eight additional true morphospecies.Bishop, A. (1923). “Some observations upon ''Spirostomum ambiguum'' (Ehrenberg)”. ''Journal of Cell Science'' 267: 391-434doi: 10.1242/jcs.s2-67.267.391/ref>Fokin, S. (2004). “A brief history of ciliate studies (late XVII the first third of the XX century)”''Protistology'' 3: 283-296./ref>Boscaro, V.; Carducci, D.; Barbieri, G.; Senra, M.V.X.; Andreoli, I.; Erra, F.; Petroni, G.; Verni, F.; Fokin, S.I. (2014). “Focusing on genera to improve species identifi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxa Described In 1985
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is very common, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given a formal scientific name, its use is then governed by one of the nomenclature codes specifying which scientific name is correct for a particular grouping. Initial attempts at classifying and ordering organisms (plants and animals) were set forth in Carl Linnaeus's system in ''Systema Naturae'', 10th edition (1758), as well as an unpublished work by Bernard and Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. The idea of a unit-based system of biological classification was first made widely available in 1805 in the intr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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