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HB Jassin
Hans Bague Jassin (31 July 1917 – 11 March 2000), better known as HB Jassin, was an Indonesian literary critic, documentarian, and professor. Born in Gorontalo to a bibliophilic petroleum company employee, Jassin began reading while still in elementary school, later writing published reviews before finishing high school. After a while working in the Gorontalo regent's office, he moved to Jakarta where he worked at the state publisher Balai Pustaka. After leaving the publisher, he attended the University of Indonesia and later Yale. Returning to Indonesia to be a teacher, he also headed ''Sastra'' magazine. ''Horison'', a literary magazine, was started in July 1966 by Jassin and Mochtar Lubis as a successor to ''Sastra'', and was edited by Taufiq Ismail, Ds. Muljanto, Zaini, Su Hok Djin, and Goenawan Mohamad. In 1971, Jassin was given a one-year prison sentence and a two-year probation period because as the editor of ''Sastra'', he refused to reveal the identity of an anonymous ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gorontalo (city)
Gorontalo is a city and the capital of the Gorontalo, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. It is on the island of Sulawesi. The city has an area of 79.59 km2 and had a population of 179,991 at the 2010 censusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 198,539 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2021 was 199,788. Geography Gorontalo shares its borders with Bone Bolango Regency (to the north and east), Gulf of Tomini, Tomini Gulf (to the south), and Gorontalo Regency (to the west). Its elevation does not rise above above mean sea level and the average temperature is . Administrative Districts As the time of the 2010 census, the city was divided into six Districts of Indonesia, districts (''kecamatan''), and an additional three districts were subsequently created by the splitting of existing districts. The districts are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2021. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij
Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij or Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij (colloquially known as BPM), Dutch for ''Batavian Oil Company'', was the Dutch East Indies and later Indonesian subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell oil company established in 1907. History The BPM was established in 1907. It was Shell's main oil producing entity in Indonesia (at that time, Dutch East Indies) and dominated the Indonesian oil industry during the colonial era, making it one of the largest companies in the colonial economy. The main oil well of BPM was Pangkalan Brandan (North Sumatra), which is considered as the origin of the Royal Dutch Shell. More than 95% of Indonesia's crude oil was commercially produced by BPM in the 1920s. The dual-listed company, dual-listed nature of the Royal Dutch Shell meant that BPM was 60 percent owned by the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company, and 40% by the Shell Transport and Trading Company; it acted as a Dutch holding company for the merged Royal Dutch Shell Group along wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allah
Allah (; ar, الله, translit=Allāh, ) is the common Arabic word for God. In the English language, the word generally refers to God in Islam. The word is thought to be derived by contraction from '' al- ilāh'', which means "the god", and is linguistically related to the Aramaic words Elah and Syriac (ʼAlāhā) and the Hebrew word '' El'' ('' Elohim'') for God. The feminine form of Allah is thought to be the word Allat. The word ''Allah'' has been used by Arabic people of different religions since pre-Islamic times. The pre-Islamic Arabs worshipped a supreme deity whom they called Allah, alongside other lesser deities. Muhammad used the word ''Allah'' to indicate the Islamic conception of God. ''Allah'' has been used as a term for God by Muslims (both Arab and non-Arab) and even Arab Christians after the term " al- ilāh" and "Allah" were used interchangeably in Classical Arabic by the majority of Arabs who had become Muslims. It is also often, albeit not exclusiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Langit Makin Mendung
"Langit Makin Mendung" ("The Sky is Increasingly Cloudy") is a controversial Indonesian short story. Published in ''Sastra'' magazine under the pen name Kipandjikusmin in August 1968, it tells the story of Muhammad descending to Earth with the angel Gabriel to investigate the decreasing number of Muslims entering heaven, only to find that Muslims in Indonesia have begun fornicating, drinking alcohol, waging war on Muslims, and otherwise going against the tenets of Islam because of ''nasakom'', a government policy during Sukarno's administration that combined nationalism, religion, and communism. Unable to do anything to stop the rampant sinning, Muhammad and Gabriel—having taken the form of eagles—watch the political maneuvering, crime, and famine in Jakarta. Upon publication, "Langit Makin Mendung" drew heavy criticism for its depictions of Allah, Muhammad, and Gabriel. ''Sastra'' was banned in North Sumatra, and the magazine's offices in Jakarta were attacked. Despi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lembaga Kebudajaan Rakjat
The Lembaga Kebudajaan Rakjat (Enhanced Indonesian Spelling System, EYD: Lembaga Kebudayaan Rakyat, often abbreviated Lekra; meaning Institute for the People's Culture) was a very prolific literary and social movement associated with the Indonesian Communist Party. Founded in 1950, Lekra pushed for artists, writers and teachers to follow the doctrine of socialist realism. Increasingly vocal against non-Lekra members, the group rallied against the ''Manifes Kebudayaan'' (Cultural Manifesto), eventually leading to President Sukarno banning it with some hesitations. After the 30 September Movement, Lekra was banned together with the communist party. History Lekra was founded in August 1950 as a response to the socio-nationalist Gelanggang Movement, with A.S. Dharma as its first secretary general. It published the ''Mukadimah'', meaning "introduction", as a manifest calling for young people, especially artists, writers and teacher, to assist in establishing a people's democratic republ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manifesto Kebudayaan
The Cultural Manifesto (Republican Spelling System, Republican spelling id, Manifes Kebudajaan, Enhanced Spelling of the Indonesian Language, EYD: , abbreviated ) was a declaration by a group of Indonesian writers and intellectuals in late 1963. The Cultural Manifesto was initiated by HB Jassin, :id:Trisno Soemardjo, Trisno Sumardjo, Wiratmo Soekito, Zaini, Bokor Hutasuhut, Gunawan Mohamad, A. Bastari Asnin, Bur Rasuanto, Soe Hok Djin, DS Moeljanto, Ras Siregar, Hartojo Andangdjaja, Sjahwil, Djufri Tanissan, Binsar Sitompul, Poyk, Gerson, Gerson Poyk, Taufiq Ismail, M. Saribi, Poernawan Tjondronegoro, Ekana Siswojo, Nashar (painter), Nashar and Boen S. Oemarjati. The group that constituted the Cultural Manifesto was in ideological contrast to Lekra (Lembaga Kebudayaan Rakyat). Members of the Lekra movement nicknamed the Cultural Manifesto "Manikebu," a humorous abbreviation that in English means "Buffalo Sperm." History The manuscript of the Cultural Manifesto was completed by Wirat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Comparative Literature
Comparative literature is an academic field dealing with the study of literature and cultural expression across linguistic, national, geographic, and disciplinary boundaries. Comparative literature "performs a role similar to that of the study of international relations but works with languages and artistic traditions, so as to understand cultures 'from the inside'". While most frequently practised with works of different languages, comparative literature may also be performed on works of the same language if the works originate from different nations or cultures in which that language is spoken. The characteristically intercultural and transnational field of comparative literature concerns itself with the relation between literature, broadly defined, and other spheres of human activity, including history, politics, philosophy, art, and science. Unlike other forms of literary study, comparative literature places its emphasis on the interdisciplinary analysis of social and cultur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesian Literature
Indonesian literature is a term grouping various genres of South-East Asian literature. Indonesian literature can refer to literature produced in the Indonesian archipelago. It is also used to refer more broadly to literature produced in areas with common language roots based on the Malay language (of which Indonesian is one scion). This would extend the reach to the Maritime Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, but also other nations with a common language such as Malaysia and Brunei, as well as population within other nations such as the Malay people living in Singapore. The phrase "Indonesian literature" is used in this article to refer to Indonesian as written in the nation of Indonesia, but also covers literature written in an earlier form of the language, i.e. the Malay language written in the Dutch East Indies. Oral literature, though a central part of the Indonesian literary tradition, is not described here. Blurred distinctions The languages spoken (and part of them w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asia Raja
''Asia Raya'' (also spelled ''Asia-Raja''; 'Grand Asia') was a newspaper published in the Dutch East Indies (modern day Indonesia) during the Japanese occupation. Background When the Japanese Empire occupied the Dutch East Indies in 1942, they tasked a group of writers and intellectuals to better integrate the native society; this was done in other occupied countries as well. Approximately 190 people of this "Propaganda Division" arrived in Batavia (modern day Jakarta) in early 1942, including novelist Tomoji Abe. Among their efforts was the founding of a newspaper, entitled ''Asia Raya''. This newspaper involved both Japanese and native persons in his management and publication. History The first edition of ''Asia Raya'', totaling four pages in length, was published on 29 April 1942. It was subsequently published daily. The initial print run of 15,000 copies sold at 10 Netherlands Indies cents each. Much of its native editorial staff originated from the Great Indonesia Part ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Occupation Of Indonesia
The Empire of Japan occupied the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of the war in September 1945. It was one of the most crucial and important periods in modern Indonesian history. In May 1940, Germany occupied the Netherlands, and martial law was declared in the Dutch East Indies. Following the failure of negotiations between the Dutch authorities and the Japanese, Japanese assets in the archipelago were frozen. The Dutch declared war on Japan following the 7 December 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies began on 10 January 1942, and the Imperial Japanese Army overran the entire colony in less than three months. The Dutch surrendered on 8 March. Initially, most Indonesians welcomed the Japanese as liberators from their Dutch colonial masters. The sentiment changed, however, as between 4 and 10 million Indonesians were recruited as forced labourers ('' romusha'') on economic dev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana
Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana (11 February 1908 – 17 July 1994) was an Indonesian author. He was born in Natal, North Sumatra, Natal, North Sumatra. His family came from Minangkabau people, Minangkabau who migrated there in the 19th century. He was a founder and editor of ''Poedjangga Baroe''. He became one of Indonesian literature's guiding lights in its formative years, particularly in the time around independence. Sutan Takdir believed that Indonesia could learn from the values of western culture, western civilization and remained a great exponent of modernism throughout his life. A Renaissance man himself – the author of numerous books on a range of subjects – he was working on a novel at the time of his death in 1994. The famous novel, ''Layar Terkembang'', showed him as a progressive author. He died in Jakarta on 17 July 1994. Biography Alisjahbana was born on 11 February 1908. His first novel, ''Tak Putus Dirundung Malang'' (Misfortune without End) was pub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Resident (title)
A resident minister, or resident for short, is a government official required to take up permanent residence in another country. A representative of his government, he officially has diplomatic functions which are often seen as a form of indirect rule. A resident usually heads an administrative area called a residency. "Resident" may also refer to resident spy, the chief of an espionage operations base. Resident ministers This full style occurred commonly as a diplomatic rank for the head of a mission ranking just below envoy, usually reflecting the relatively low status of the states of origin and/or residency, or else difficult relations. On occasion, the resident minister's role could become extremely important, as when in 1806 the Bourbon king Ferdinand IV fled his Kingdom of Naples, and Lord William Bentinck, the British Resident, authored (1812) a new and relatively liberal constitution. Residents could also be posted to nations which had significant foreign influence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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