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Hytrosaviridae
''Hytrosaviridae'' is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect insects.Abd-Alla A, Vlak J, Bergoin M, Maruniak J, Parker A, Burand J, Jehle J, Boucias D and Hytrosavirus Study Group of the ICTV (2009) ''Hytrosaviridae'': a proposal for classification and nomenclature of a new insect virus family. Arch Virol 154:909–918 The name is derived from ''Hytrosa'', sigla from the Greek ''Hypertrophia'' for 'hypertrophy' and 'sialoadenitis' for 'salivary gland inflammation.' Description The viruses in this family are non occluded, enveloped, rod-shaped virions measuring 500–1,000 nanometers (nm) in length and 50–80 nm in diameter. The virions contain a thin, dense central nucleocapsid that encases the DNA-protein core. The nucleocapsid core is surrounded by an amorphous proteinaceous tegument layer. The outer surface of the virions is studded with helical polymeric structure composed of virally-encoded and host-derived protein dimers. The virions contain at least 35 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hytrosaviridae
''Hytrosaviridae'' is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect insects.Abd-Alla A, Vlak J, Bergoin M, Maruniak J, Parker A, Burand J, Jehle J, Boucias D and Hytrosavirus Study Group of the ICTV (2009) ''Hytrosaviridae'': a proposal for classification and nomenclature of a new insect virus family. Arch Virol 154:909–918 The name is derived from ''Hytrosa'', sigla from the Greek ''Hypertrophia'' for 'hypertrophy' and 'sialoadenitis' for 'salivary gland inflammation.' Description The viruses in this family are non occluded, enveloped, rod-shaped virions measuring 500–1,000 nanometers (nm) in length and 50–80 nm in diameter. The virions contain a thin, dense central nucleocapsid that encases the DNA-protein core. The nucleocapsid core is surrounded by an amorphous proteinaceous tegument layer. The outer surface of the virions is studded with helical polymeric structure composed of virally-encoded and host-derived protein dimers. The virions contain at least 35 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muscavirus
''Muscavirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Hytrosaviridae ''Hytrosaviridae'' is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect insects.Abd-Alla A, Vlak J, Bergoin M, Maruniak J, Parker A, Burand J, Jehle J, Boucias D and Hytrosavirus Study Group of the ICTV (2009) ''Hytrosaviridae'': a proposal fo ...''. The fly ''Musca domestica'' is the natural host. There is only one species in this genus: ''Musca hytrosavirus''. Diseases associated with this genus include: salivary gland hypertrophy, and complete sterility of infected female flies by inhibiting eggs development. Structure Viruses in the genus ''Muscavirus'' are enveloped, with rod-shaped geometries. The diameter is around 50 nm. Genomes are circular, around 124kb in length. The genome has 108 open reading frames. Life cycle Viral replication is nuclear. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. ''Musca domestica'' serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are parental and con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glossinavirus
''Glossinavirus'' is a genus of viruses A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's ..., in the family '' Hytrosaviridae''. ''Glossina'' sp serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: ''Glossina hytrosavirus''. Diseases associated with this genus include: partial sterility due to ovarian abnormalities or to testicular degeneration; can be asymptomatic in laboratory colonies. Structure Viruses in the genus ''Glossinavirus'' are enveloped, with rod-shaped geometries. The diameter is around 50 nm. Genomes are circular, around 190kb in length. The genome has 160 open reading frames. Life cycle Viral replication is nuclear. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. ''Glossina'' species serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dalton (unit)
The dalton or unified atomic mass unit (symbols: Da or u) is a non-SI unit of mass widely used in physics and chemistry. It is defined as of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state and at rest. The atomic mass constant, denoted ''m''u, is defined identically, giving . This unit is commonly used in physics and chemistry to express the mass of atomic-scale objects, such as atoms, molecules, and elementary particles, both for discrete instances and multiple types of ensemble averages. For example, an atom of helium-4 has a mass of . This is an intrinsic property of the isotope and all helium-4 atoms have the same mass. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), , has an average mass of approximately . However, there are no acetylsalicylic acid molecules with this mass. The two most common masses of individual acetylsalicylic acid molecules are , having the most common isotopes, and , in which one carbon is carbon-13. The molecular mass ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ovarian
The ovary is an organ in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm. There is an ovary () found on each side of the body. The ovaries also secrete hormones that play a role in the menstrual cycle and fertility. The ovary progresses through many stages beginning in the prenatal period through menopause. It is also an endocrine gland because of the various hormones that it secretes. Structure The ovaries are considered the female gonads. Each ovary is whitish in color and located alongside the lateral wall of the uterus in a region called the ovarian fossa. The ovarian fossa is the region that is bounded by the external iliac artery and in front of the ureter and the internal iliac artery. This area is about 4 cm x 3 cm x 2 cm in size.Daftary, Shirish; Chakravarti, Sudip (2011). Manual of Obstetrics, 3rd Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1-16. . The ovarie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DNA-dependent RNA Polymerase
In molecular biology, RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is an enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template. Using the enzyme helicase, RNAP locally opens the double-stranded DNA so that one strand of the exposed nucleotides can be used as a template for the synthesis of RNA, a process called transcription. A transcription factor and its associated transcription mediator complex must be attached to a DNA binding site called a promoter region before RNAP can initiate the DNA unwinding at that position. RNAP not only initiates RNA transcription, it also guides the nucleotides into position, facilitates attachment and elongation, has intrinsic proofreading and replacement capabilities, and termination recognition capability. In eukaryotes, RNAP can build chains as long as 2.4 million nucleotides. RNAP produces RNA that, functionally, is either for protein coding, i.e. messenger RNA (mRNA); or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macavirus
''Macavirus'' is a genus of viruses in the order ''Herpesvirales'', in the family ''Herpesviridae'', in the subfamily ''Gammaherpesvirinae''. Mammals serve as natural hosts. There are nine species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: inapparent infection in their reservoir hosts (wildebeest for alHV-1 and sheep for ovHV-2), but fatal lymphoproliferative disease when they infect MCF-susceptible hosts, including cattle, deer, bison, water buffalo and pigs. Species The genus consists of the following nine species: * ''Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1'' * ''Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 2'' * ''Bovine gammaherpesvirus 6'' * ''Caprine gammaherpesvirus 2'' * ''Hippotragine gammaherpesvirus 1'' * ''Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2'' * ''Suid gammaherpesvirus 3'' * ''Suid gammaherpesvirus 4'' * ''Suid gammaherpesvirus 5 ''Suid gammaherpesvirus 5'' (SuHV-5) is a species of virus in the genus ''Macavirus'', subfamily ''Gammaherpesvirinae'', family ''Herpesviridae'', and o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baculoviridae
''Baculoviridae'' is a family of viruses. Arthropods, among the most studied being Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera, serve as natural hosts. Currently, 85 species are placed in this family, assigned to four genera. Baculoviruses are known to infect insects, with over 600 host species having been described. Immature (larval) forms of lepidopteran species (moths and butterflies) are the most common hosts, but these viruses have also been found infecting sawflies, and mosquitoes. Although baculoviruses are capable of entering mammalian cells in culture, they are not known to be capable of replication in mammalian or other vertebrate animal cells. Starting in the 1940s, they were used and studied widely as biopesticides in crop fields. Baculoviruses contain a circular, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome ranging from 80 to 180 kbp. Historical influence The earliest records of baculoviruses can be found in the literature from as early as the 16th century in reports of "wilting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vitellogenesis
Vitellogenesis is the process of yolk protein formation in the oocytes of non mammalian vertebrates during sexual maturation. The term ''vitellogenesis'' comes from the Latin ''vitellus'' ("egg yolk"). Yolk proteins, such as Lipovitellin and Phosvitin, provides maturing oocytes with the metabolic energy required for development. Vitellogens are the precursor cells that lead to yolk protein synthesis in the oocyte. Estrogen and vitellogenin production have a positive correlation. When estrogen production in the ovary is increased via the activation of the hypothalmo-pituitary axis it leads to heightened vitellogenin production in the liver. Vitellogenin production in the liver is the first step of vitellogenesis. Once Vittelogenins are released into the blood stream where they are then transported to the growing oocyte where they lead to yolk protein production. The transport of vitellogenins into the maturing oocyte is done via receptor mediated endocytosis which is a low density ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sesquiterpenoids
Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and often have the molecular formula C15H24. Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes may be cyclic or contain rings, including many unique combinations. Biochemical modifications such as oxidation or rearrangement produce the related sesquiterpenoids. Sesquiterpenes are found naturally in plants and insects, as semiochemicals, e.g. defensive agents or pheromones. Biosynthesis and examples The reaction of geranyl pyrophosphate with isopentenyl pyrophosphate results in the 15-carbon farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), which is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes such as farnesene. Cyclic sesquiterpenes are more common than cyclic monoterpenes because of the increased chain length and additional double bond in the sesquiterpene precursors. In addition to common six-membered ring systems such as the ones found in zingiberene and bisacurone, cyclization of one end of the chain to the other end can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tsetse Fly
Tsetse ( , or ) (sometimes spelled tzetze; also known as tik-tik flies), are large, biting flies that inhabit much of tropical Africa. Tsetse flies include all the species in the genus ''Glossina'', which are placed in their own family, Glossinidae. The tsetse are obligate parasites, which live by feeding on the blood of vertebrate animals. Tsetse have been extensively studied, because of their role in transmitting disease. They have a prominent economic impact in sub-Saharan Africa, as the biological vectors of trypanosomes, causing human and animal trypanosomiasis. Tsetse are multivoltine and long-lived, typically producing about four broods per year, with up to 31 broods over their lifespans. Tsetse can be distinguished from other large flies by two easily-observed features: Primarily, tsetse fold their wings over their abdomens completely when they are resting (so that one wing rests directly on top of the other); Secondly, tsetse also have a long proboscis, extending d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
