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HpaII
HpaII (IntEnz: EC 3.1.21.4') is a restriction enzyme obtained from the microorganism ''Haemophilus parainfluenzae''. It is a DNA restriction enzyme, therefore it has the ability to cut the DNA from certain region as demonstrated below. It has the ability to produce cohesive ends, which are rather useful in constructing plasmids. HpaII will not cut sites that have been methylated by SssI methyltransferase or HpaII methyltransferase. When the sites have been methylated by MspI methyltransferase, the enzyme will cut 300 times slower than unmethylated DNA and 50 times slower if the DNA is hemi-methylated. McClelland, M., Nelson, M., Raschke, E. (1994). Nucleic Acids Research 22, No. 17, 3640-3659. This feature is exploited for determination of the clonal origin of a mammalian Mammals () are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the class (biology), class Mammalia (), characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in Female#Mammalian female, females produc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HUMARA Assay
HUMARA Assay is one of the most widely used methods to determine the clonal origin of a tumor. The method is based on X chromosome inactivation and it takes the advantage of having different methylation status of a gene called HUMARA (short for human androgen receptor) that is located on X chromosome. Considering the fact that once one X chromosome is inactivated in a cell, all other cells derived from it will have the same X chromosome inactivated, this approach becomes a great tool to differentiate a monoclonal population from a polyclonal one in a female tissue. HUMARA gene, in particular, has three important features that make it highly convenient for the purpose. 1-) The gene is located on X chromosome and it goes through inactivation by methylation in normal embryogenesis of a female infant. The fact that most-but not all-genes on X chromosome undergo inactivation, this feature becomes an important one. 2-) Human Androgen Receptor gene alleles have varying numbers of CAG r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IntEnz
IntEnz (Integrated relational Enzyme database) contains data on enzymes organized by enzyme EC number and is the official version of the Enzyme Nomenclature system developed by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) is an international non-governmental organisation concerned with biochemistry and molecular biology. Formed in 1955 as the International Union of Biochemistry (IUB), the union .... References External links * {{cite web , url = http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intenz/index.jsp , title = Integrated Enzyme Database (IntEnz) , publisher = European Bioinformatics Institute , access-date = 2009-07-19 Enzyme databases Science and technology in Cambridgeshire South Cambridgeshire District ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Restriction Enzyme
A restriction enzyme, restriction endonuclease, REase, ENase or'' restrictase '' is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within molecules known as restriction sites. Restriction enzymes are one class of the broader endonuclease group of enzymes. Restriction enzymes are commonly classified into five types, which differ in their structure and whether they cut their DNA substrate at their recognition site, or if the recognition and cleavage sites are separate from one another. To cut DNA, all restriction enzymes make two incisions, once through each sugar-phosphate backbone (i.e. each strand) of the DNA double helix. These enzymes are found in bacteria and archaea and provide a defense mechanism against invading viruses. Inside a prokaryote, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up ''foreign'' DNA in a process called ''restriction digestion''; meanwhile, host DNA is protected by a modification enzyme (a methyltransferase) that modifi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haemophilus Parainfluenzae
''Haemophilus parainfluenzae'' is a species of'' Haemophilus''. It is one of the HACEK organisms. ''H. parainfluenzae'' is an opportunistic pathogen that has been associated with endocarditis, bronchitis, otitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, abscesses and genital tract infections. Natural genetic transformation ''H. parainfluenzae'' biotypes I and II are capable of natural genetic transformation. Natural genetic transformation is a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine exogenous DNA into its genome it must enter a special physiological state termed natural competence In microbiology, genetics, cell biology, and molecular biology, competence is the ability of a cell to alter its genetics by taking up extracellular ("naked") DNA from its environment in the process called transformation. Competence may be diff .... In ''H. parainfluenzae'', competence is induced during the late stationary phase of growth. Natural ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cohesive End
DNA ends refer to the properties of the ends of linear DNA molecules, which in molecular biology are described as "sticky" or "blunt" based on the shape of the complementary strands at the terminus. In sticky ends, one strand is longer than the other (typically by at least a few nucleotides), such that the longer strand has bases which are left unpaired. In blunt ends, both strands are of equal length – i.e. they end at the same base position, leaving no unpaired bases on either strand. The concept is used in molecular biology, in cloning, or when subcloning insert DNA into vector DNA. Such ends may be generated by restriction enzymes that break the molecule's phosphodiester backbone at specific locations, which themselves belong to a larger class of enzymes called exonucleases and endonucleases. A restriction enzyme that cuts the backbones of both strands at non-adjacent locations leaves a staggered cut, generating two overlapping sticky ends, while an enzyme that makes a str ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plasmid
A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. In nature, plasmids often carry genes that benefit the survival of the organism and confer selective advantage such as antibiotic resistance. While chromosomes are large and contain all the essential genetic information for living under normal conditions, plasmids are usually very small and contain only additional genes that may be useful in certain situations or conditions. Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning, serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms. In the laboratory, plasmids may be introduced into a cell via transformation. Synthetic plasmids are available for procurement over the inter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Recognition Sequence
A recognition sequence is a DNA sequence to which a structural motif of a DNA-binding domain exhibits binding specificity. Recognition sequences are palindromes. The transcription factor Sp1 for example, binds the sequences 5'-(G/T)GGGCGG(G/A)(G/A)(C/T)-3', where (G/T) indicates that the domain will bind a guanine or thymine at this position. The restriction endonuclease PstI recognizes, binds, and cleaves the sequence 5'-CTGCAG-3'. A recognition sequence is different from a recognition site. A given recognition sequence can occur one or more times, or not at all, on a specific DNA fragment. A recognition site is specified by the position of the site. For example, there are two PstI recognition sites in the following DNA sequence fragment, starting at base 9 and 31 respectively. A recognition sequence is a specific sequence, usually very short (less than 10 bases). Depending on the degree of specificity of the protein, a DNA-binding protein can bind to more than one specific sequ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael McClelland (academic)
Michael Mcclelland is an academic. He is a professor of microbiology and genetics at the University of California, Irvine. Early and education Mcclelland had his early education at the University of Ghana Primary School, Methodist College, Belfast, and Boynton Junior High School in Ithaca, New York. He had his secondary education at the Accra Academy from 1970 to 1972, and King Edward VII School, Johannesburg from 1973 to 1975. He then proceeded to the University of Bristol, England, where he obtained his bachelor's degree in Biochemistry in 1978. In 1980, McClelland moved to the United States for his postgraduate studies at the University of Georgia, and graduated with a doctorate degree in 1983 with his research studies in Molecular and Population Genetics. He then continued at the University of California, Berkeley for a post doctoral research in Molecular Evolution under the supervision of biochemist, Allan Wilson from 1983 to 1984. After his post doctoral research at th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mammalian
Mammals () are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the class (biology), class Mammalia (), characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in Female#Mammalian female, females produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young, a neocortex (a region of the brain), fur or hair, and three ossicles, middle ear bones. These characteristics distinguish them from reptiles (including birds) from which they Genetic divergence, diverged in the Carboniferous, over 300 million years ago. Around 6,400 extant taxon, extant species of mammals have been described divided into 29 Order (biology), orders. The largest Order (biology), orders, in terms of number of species, are the rodents, bats, and Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, Mole (animal), moles, shrews, and others). The next three are the Primates (including humans, apes, monkeys, and others), the Artiodactyla (cetaceans and even-toed ungulates), and the Carnivora (cats, dogs, pinniped, seals, and others). In terms of cladistic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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