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Història De La Marina Catalana
The History of the Catalan Navy is a book written by Arcadi García Sanz that glosses the Catalan Navy, in trade and war, its exploits and conquests, in a historical compilation that covers from Prehistory to this day. It describes the maritime battles, the Catalan sea consulates, to end by detailing aspects of maritime law, being the author a lawyer. Description In addition to explaining, as the title says, the history of the Catalan Navy starts digging in a detailed area especially about the period from the Middle Ages to well into the sixteenth century, detailing the important aspects of the catalan merchant navy, which made Catalonia one of the commercial powers of the Mediterranean. It is not limited to ships, the organization of maritime transport, trade and Catalan maritime law, political events and the war at sea, but culminates the essay by immersing in the study of the men of the sea, helped by the art and science of maritime navigation accomplished by the Catalans. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catalan Navy
The Catalan navy was a navy from Catalonia. It encompassed the Catalan ships, Catalan admirals and Catalan crew, that were under the direct or indirect orders of the counts of Barcelona and represented a reality recognized throughout the Mediterranean from its origins in the 9th century, as stated by Einhard in ''Annales regni Francorum'' (), until Ferdinand II of Aragon, Ferdinand the Catholic. In later times, ships built and manned on the Catalan coast, even, some of them, under the authority of non-Catalan kings, such as the kings of Naples, staged some important events. Similarly, the navies of the kingdoms of Mallorca and Valencia had their own entity and can be studied separately. Fame of the Catalan navy The modern generic designation "Armada del rey de Aragón" is inexact and not very descriptive of medieval reality,Bentley, Jerry H.Andrea Brancaleone. because until Ferdinand II of Aragon, Ferdinand the Catholic, the galleys of the Crown of Aragon were Catalan, Valenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pilot Study
A pilot study, pilot project, pilot test, or pilot experiment is a small-scale preliminary study conducted to evaluate Feasibility study, feasibility, Time, duration, cost, adverse events, and improve upon the study design prior to performance of a full-scale research project. Implementation Pilot experiments are frequently carried out before large-scale quantitative research, in an attempt to avoid time and money being used on an inadequately designed project. A pilot study is usually carried out on members of the relevant population. A pilot study is used to formulate the design of the full-scale experiment which then can be adjusted. The pilot study is potentially a critical insight to clinical trial design, recruitment and sample size of participants, treatment testing, and statistical analysis to improve the power of a test, power of testing the hypothesis of the study. Analysis from the pilot experiment can be added to the full-scale (and more expensive) experiment to improve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1960 Books
Year 196 ( CXCVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Dexter and Messalla (or, less frequently, year 949 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 196 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * Emperor Septimius Severus attempts to assassinate Clodius Albinus but fails, causing Albinus to retaliate militarily. * Emperor Septimius Severus captures and sacks Byzantium; the city is rebuilt and regains its previous prosperity. * In order to assure the support of the Roman legion in Germany on his march to Rome, Clodius Albinus is declared Augustus by his army while crossing Gaul. * Hadrian's wall in Britain is partially destroyed. China * First year of the '' Jian'an era of the Chinese Han Dynasty. * Emperor Xian of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of The Mediterranean
The history of the Mediterranean region and of the cultures and people of the Mediterranean Basin is important for understanding the origin and development of the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Canaanite, Phoenician, Hebrew, Carthaginian, Minoan, Greek, Persian, Illyrian, Thracian, Etruscan, Iberian, Roman, Byzantine, Bulgarian, Arab, Berber, Ottoman, Christian and Islamic cultures. The Mediterranean Sea was the central superhighway of transport, trade and cultural exchange between diverse peoples encompassing three continents: Western Asia, North Africa, and Southern Europe. Early history Lézignan-la-Cèbe in France, Orce in Spain, Monte PoggioloNational Geographic Italia – Erano padani i primi abitanti d’Italia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polygraphia (book)
''Polygraphia'' is a cryptographic work written by Johannes Trithemius published in 1518 dedicated to the art of steganography. The full title is "Polygraphiae libri sex, Ioannis Trithemii abbatis Peapolitani, quondam Spanheimensis, ad Maximilianum Caesarem." ("Six books of polygraphy, by Johannes Trithemius, abbot at Würzburg, formerly at Spanheim, for the Emperor Maximilian.") It is the oldest known source of the popular Witches' Alphabet, used at large by modern traditions of witchcraft.Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1531). ''Three Books of Occult Philosophy''. Review It is composed of six books and a ''clavis'' (key): * Book I contains no fewer than 384 alphabets (called "minutiae" by the author) of 24 letters (or "degrees"): each letter corresponds to a Latin word (noun, verb, adjective, etc.) in reference to Christian prayers and religious texts, being in total 9,216 different words. This is nowadays known as the Ave Maria cipher, which mostly uses only a few of the firs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marine Sandglass
A marine sandglass is a timepiece of simple design that is a relative of the common hourglass, a marine (nautical) instrument known since the 14th century (although reasonably presumed to be of very ancient use and origin). Sandglasses were used to measure the time at sea or on a given navigational course, in repeated measures of small time increments (e.g., 30 minutes). Used together with the chip log, smaller marine sandglasses were also used to measure the boat speed through the water in knots. Although vital to maritime navigation, marine sandglasses were not accurate measuring instruments for the passage of time; many design and environmental factors could affect the duration of sand's flow, and therefore its reported time. Their use continued through the early 19th century, when they were supplanted by reliable mechanical timepieces, and by other advances in marine navigation. Marine sandglasses were very popular on board ships, as they were the most dependable measurement ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catalan Chart
Catalan charts or Catalan portolans are portolan charts in Catalan language. Portolan charts are a type of medieval and early modern map that focuses on maritime geography and includes a network of rhumb lines.Maps and their Makers, J.C.C Crone, Hutchinson & Co, London, W.I (1964) Most medieval portolan charts were made in Italian-speaking cities (mainly Genoa and Venice), with a substantial minory made in Catalan-speaking Majorca. In the 19th century, historians of cartography emphasized the differences of style and content between Italian and Catalan charts, but other authors have nuanced this distinction since then. Common properties of all portolan charts Portolan charts all share the characteristic windrose networks, which emanate out from compass roses located at various points on the map. These better called windrose lines, are generated by observation and the compass, and designated lines of bearing (though not to be confused with modern rhumb lines, meridians or is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abraham Cresques
Abraham Cresques (, 1325–1387), whose real name was Cresques (son of) Abraham, was a 14th-century Jewish cartographer from Palma, Majorca (then part of the Crown of Aragon). In collaboration with his son, Jehuda Cresques, Cresques is credited with the authorship of the celebrated Catalan Atlas of 1375. Personal life A Majorcan Jew, Cresques was a master map-maker and builder of clocks, compasses, and other nautical instruments. He was a leading member of the Majorcan cartographic school. Abraham Cresques's real name was Eliça (a.k.a. Cresques) son of Rabbi Abraham, son of Rabbi Benaviste, son of Rabbi Eliça. Eliça being the name he would have received when he came of age but known as Cresques of Abraham (Cresques being his personal name, Eliça his religious name, Abraham his patronym), but the order is often flipped in most subsequent literature. His son, Jehuda Cresques, was also a notable cartographer. The Catalan Atlas In 1375, Cresques and his son Jehuda rece ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Próspero De Bofarull Y Mascaró
Prospero de Bofarull y Mascaró (1777, in Reus – 1859) was a Spanish historian and archivist, archivist and director of the General Archive of the Crown of Aragon between 1814 and 1840 and from 1844 to 1849. Biography He has followed studies in Law at the universities of Cervera and Huesca. Moderate liberal and a meticulous person. During the time he was the head of the Archives, he reorganized the Archives and gave them value after a long period of time that they had almost been abandoned. In 1836 he published ''Los Condes de Barcelona Vindicados'' ''(The Counts of Barcelona vindicated)'' and ''Cronología y Genealogía de los Reyes de España Considerados Como Soberanos Independientes de Su Marca (Chronology and Genealogy of the Kings of Spain Considered as sovereign independent of their march)'' which opened the door to serious research on the Catalan sovereigns, and provided extensive unknown data, but over the years some scholars think they have shown them to be inco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
La Cartografía Mallorquina
''La Cartografía Mallorquina'' ('' Majorcan Cartography '') is a book of essays on the Majorcan portolans written by Professor Julio Rey Pastor with the collaboration of Ernesto García Camarero. It is a scholarly essay, a key element in the study of portolans, especially those made by Majorcans as half of the book is devoted to the study of more than 400 Majorcan portolans existing worldwide. Style of the Majorcan School Rey Pastor before explaining how to identify the works of this school for its unmistakable traits, he says: ''".. In the monumental Periplus of the unsurpassed Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, I saw with pleasant surprise that the most varicoloured parchments, ornamented with fabulous effigies of monarchs and naive legends, '' written in Catalan '' with lots of information, physical, biological and political, of each region, they originate in Majorca -in an unknown date-, being designated as "catalan maps"... Dr. Julio in his book, gives an explanation of why no Sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Memorias Históricas (Capmany)
'' Memorias históricas sobre la marina, comercio y artes de la antigua ciudad de Barcelona. ''(Historical Records on marine, trade and arts of the ancient city of Barcelona) is a summary paper on the Navy, the trade and the arts of the city of Barcelona, written by the famous Antonio de Capmany y Montpalau. Description It's a monumental magnum opus on the former Barcelona economy, noting the aspects that made the city one of the trading powers of the Mediterranean starting in the Middle Ages until well entered into the sixteenth century: its important merchant marine, strong guild structure and industrial productivity all supported by numerous documents from its archives, many of them unpublished until then. The book was illustrated with cartoons headers and drawn by well-known artists (Camarón, Montaña, etc.) and copper gravures etched mostly by the artist Moles. Antoni Palau comments: ''"..this basic title contains "an arsenal of documents and first-hand data" that compose ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catalan Cartography
"Majorcan cartographic school" is the term coined by historians to refer to the collection of predominantly Jewish cartographers, cosmographers and navigational instrument-makers and some Christian associates that flourished in Majorca in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries until the expulsion of the Jews. The label is usually inclusive of those who worked in Catalonia. The Majorcan school is frequently contrasted with the contemporary Italian cartography school. Origins The island of Majorca, the largest of the Balearic islands in the western Mediterranean, had a long history of seafaring. Muslim and Jewish merchants participated in extensive trade across the Mediterranean Sea with Italy, Egypt and Tunisia, and in the 14th century their commerce entered into the Atlantic, reaching as far as England and the Low Countries. Ruled as an independent Muslim kingdom through much of the Early Middle Ages, Majorca only came under Christian rule in 1231, albeit retaining its independence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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