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High Dynamic Range
High dynamic range (HDR) is a dynamic range higher than usual, synonyms are wide dynamic range, extended dynamic range, expanded dynamic range. The term is often used in discussing the dynamic range of various signals such as images, videos, audio or radio. It may apply to the means of recording, processing, and reproducing such signals including analog and digitized signals. The term is also the name of some of the technologies or techniques allowing to achieve high dynamic range images, videos, or audio. Imaging In this context, the term ''high dynamic range'' means there is a lot of variation in light levels within a scene or an image. The ''dynamic range'' refers to the range of luminosity between the brightest area and the darkest area of that scene or image. (HDRI) refers to the set of imaging technologies and techniques that allow to increase the dynamic range of images or videos. It covers the acquisition, creation, storage, distribution and display of images and v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dynamic Range
Dynamic range (abbreviated DR, DNR, or DYR) is the ratio between the largest and smallest values that a certain quantity can assume. It is often used in the context of signals, like sound and light. It is measured either as a ratio or as a base-10 ( decibel) or base-2 (doublings, bits or stops) logarithmic value of the difference between the smallest and largest signal values. Electronically reproduced audio and video is often processed to fit the original material with a wide dynamic range into a narrower recorded dynamic range that can more easily be stored and reproduced; this processing is called dynamic range compression. Human perception The human senses of sight and hearing have a relatively high dynamic range. However, a human cannot perform these feats of perception at both extremes of the scale at the same time. The human eye takes time to adjust to different light levels, and its dynamic range in a given scene is actually quite limited due to optical glare. The ins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CMOS
Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS, pronounced "sea-moss", ) is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication process that uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type MOSFETs for logic functions. CMOS technology is used for constructing integrated circuit (IC) chips, including microprocessors, microcontrollers, memory chips (including CMOS BIOS), and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for analog circuits such as image sensors (CMOS sensors), data converters, RF circuits (RF CMOS), and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication. The CMOS process was originally conceived by Frank Wanlass at Fairchild Semiconductor and presented by Wanlass and Chih-Tang Sah at the International Solid-State Circuits Conference in 1963. Wanlass later filed US patent 3,356,858 for CMOS circuitry and it was granted in 1967. commercialized the technology with the trademark "COS-MO ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HDR10
HDR10 Media Profile, more commonly known as HDR10, is an open high-dynamic-range video (HDR) standard announced on 27 August 2015 by the Consumer Technology Association. It is the most widespread of the HDR formats. HDR10 is not backward compatible with SDR. It includes HDR static metadata but not dynamic metadata. It doesn't offer the ability to optimize content to the consumer display's capabilities in a way based on the content creator's intent. PQ10 refers to an HDR format that is same as HDR10 without any metadata. Technical details HDR10 is defined as: * EOTF: SMPTE ST 2084 ( PQ) * Bit depth: 10 bit * Color primaries: ITU-R BT.2020 (identical to BT.2100 primaries) * Static metadata: SMPTE ST 2086 (mastering display color volume), MaxFALL (maximum frame-average light level), and MaxCLL (maximum content light level) * Color sub-sampling: 4:2:0 (for compressed video sources) PQ10 refers to an HDR format that uses PQ, 10-bit and Rec. 2100 color primaries without having ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
High-dynamic-range Video
High-dynamic-range television (HDR or HDR-TV) is a technology that improves the quality of display signals. It is contrasted with the retroactively-named standard dynamic range (SDR). HDR changes the way the luminance and colors of videos and images are represented in the signal, and allows brighter and more detailed highlight representation, darker and more-detailed shadows, and a wider array of more intense colors. HDR allows compatible displays to receive a higher quality image source. It does not improve a display's intrinsic properties (brightness, contrast, and color capabilities). Not all HDR displays have the same capabilities, and HDR content will look different depending on the display used. HDR-TV was first used in 2014 to enhance videos, and it is now also available for still pictures. HDR-TV is a part of HDR imaging, an end-to-end process of increasing the dynamic range of images and videos from their capture and creation, to their storage, distribution and displa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academy Color Encoding System
The Academy Color Encoding System (ACES) is a color image encoding system created under the auspices of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. ACES allows for a fully encompassing color accurate workflow, with "seamless interchange of high quality motion picture images regardless of source". The system defines its own color primaries that completely encompass the visible spectral locus as defined by the CIE xyY specification. The white point is approximate to the chromaticity of CIE Daylight with a Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of 6000K. Most ACES compliant image files are encoded in 16-bit half-floats, thus allowing ACES OpenEXR files to encode 30 stops of scene information. The ACESproxy format uses integers with a log encoding. ACES supports both high dynamic range (HDR) and wide color gamut (WCG). The version 1.0 release occurred in December 2014, and has been implemented by multiple vendors, and used on multiple motion pictures and television shows. ACES re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
OpenEXR
OpenEXR is a high-dynamic range, multi-channel raster file format, released as an open standard along with a set of software tools created by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), under a free software license similar to the BSD license. It is notable for supporting multiple channels of potentially different pixel sizes, including 32-bit unsigned integer, 32-bit and 16-bit floating point values, as well as various compression techniques which include lossless and lossy compression algorithms. It also has arbitrary channels and encodes multiple points of view such as left- and right-camera images. Overview A full technical introduction of the format is available on the OpenEXR website. OpenEXR, or EXR for short, is a deep raster format developed by ILM and broadly used in the computer-graphics industry, both visual effects and animation. OpenEXR's multi-resolution and arbitrary channel format makes it appealing for compositing, as it alleviates several painful elements of the process ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Logarithmic Integral Function
In mathematics, the logarithmic integral function or integral logarithm li(''x'') is a special function. It is relevant in problems of physics and has number theoretic significance. In particular, according to the prime number theorem, it is a very good approximation to the prime-counting function, which is defined as the number of prime numbers less than or equal to a given value x. Integral representation The logarithmic integral has an integral representation defined for all positive real numbers ≠ 1 by the definite integral : \operatorname(x) = \int_0^x \frac. Here, denotes the natural logarithm. The function has a singularity at , and the integral for is interpreted as a Cauchy principal value, : \operatorname(x) = \lim_ \left( \int_0^ \frac + \int_^x \frac \right). Offset logarithmic integral The offset logarithmic integral or Eulerian logarithmic integral is defined as : \operatorname(x) = \int_2^x \frac = \operatorname(x) - \operatorname(2). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bit Depth (computer Graphics)
This is a glossary of terms relating to computer graphics Computer graphics deals with generating images with the aid of computers. Today, computer graphics is a core technology in digital photography, film, video games, cell phone and computer displays, and many specialized applications. A great de .... For more general computer hardware terms, see glossary of computer hardware terms. 0–9 A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transfer Functions In Imaging
This article is about the Transfer function, transfer functions used in Image, pictures and Video, videos and describing the relationship between Signal, electrical signal, scene light and displayed light. Definition The opto-electronic transfer function (OETF) is the transfer function having the scene light as input and converting into the picture or video signal as output. This is typically done within a camera. The electro-optical transfer function (EOTF) is the transfer function having the picture or video signal as input and converting it into the linear light output of the display. This is done within the display device. The opto-optical transfer function (OOTF) is the transfer function having the scene light as input and the displayed light as output. The OOTF is the result of the OETF and the EOTF and is usually non-Linear function (calculus), linear. List of transfer functions Linear function (calculus), Linear * RAW format, Raw formats *Some OETF and EOTF have an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linear Function (calculus)
In calculus and related areas of mathematics, a linear function from the real numbers to the real numbers is a function whose graph (in Cartesian coordinates) is a non-vertical line in the plane. The characteristic property of linear functions is that when the input variable is changed, the change in the output is proportional to the change in the input. Linear functions are related to linear equations. Properties A linear function is a polynomial function in which the variable has degree at most one: :f(x)=ax+b. Such a function is called ''linear'' because its graph, the set of all points (x,f(x)) in the Cartesian plane, is a line. The coefficient ''a'' is called the ''slope'' of the function and of the line (see below). If the slope is a=0, this is a ''constant function'' f(x)=b defining a horizontal line, which some authors exclude from the class of linear functions. With this definition, the degree of a linear polynomial would be exactly one, and its graph would ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raw Image Format
A camera raw image file contains unprocessed or minimally processed data from the image sensor of either a digital camera, a motion picture film scanner, or other image scanner. Raw files are named so because they are not yet processed and therefore are not ready to be Photographic printing, printed, viewed or edited with a bitmap graphics editor. Normally, the image is processed by a raw converter in a wide-gamut internal color space where precise adjustments can be made before file format conversion, conversion to a viewable file format such as JPEG or PNG for storage, printing, or further manipulation. There are dozens of raw formats in use by different manufacturers of digital image capture equipment. Rationale Raw image files are sometimes incorrectly described as "digital Negative (photography), negatives", but neither are they negatives nor do the unprocessed files constitute visible images. Rather, the Raw datasets are more like Exposure (photography), exposed but Lat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gamma Correction
Gamma correction or gamma is a nonlinear operation used to encode and decode luminance or tristimulus values in video or still image systems. Gamma correction is, in the simplest cases, defined by the following power-law expression: : V_\text = A V_\text^\gamma, where the non-negative real input value V_\text is raised to the power \gamma and multiplied by the constant ''A'' to get the output value V_\text. In the common case of , inputs and outputs are typically in the range 0–1. A gamma value \gamma 1 is called a ''decoding gamma'', and the application of the expansive power-law nonlinearity is called gamma expansion. Explanation Gamma encoding of images is used to optimize the usage of bits when encoding an image, or bandwidth used to transport an image, by taking advantage of the non-linear manner in which humans perceive light and color. The human perception of brightness ( lightness), under common illumination conditions (neither pitch black nor blindingly bright), fol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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