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Heyndrickxia
''Heyndrickxia'' is a genus of gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria (except for ''Heyndrickxia'' ''sporothermodurans'', which stains gram-negative) in the family ''Bacillaceae'' within the order ''Bacillales''. The type species for this genus is '' Heyndrickxia oleronia.'' Members of ''Heyndrickxia'' were originally assigned to the genus ''Bacillus.'' The polyphyletic nature and unclear evolutionary relationships of the genus ''Bacillus'' has long been a topic in the scientific community. It was composed of many unrelated species with a diverse range of biochemical characteristics due to the vague criteria (such as the ability to form endospores under aerobic conditions) used to assign species to this genus. Multiple phylogenetic studies and comparative genomic analyses have been conducted to clarify the taxonomy of genus, resulting in the restriction of ''Bacillus'' to only include species closely related to ''Bacillus subtilis'' and ''Bacillus cereus'', and the establishment of man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacillus Oleronius
''Bacillus oleronius'' is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the genus ''Bacillus''. However, ''Bacillus oleronius'' has Gram-positive cell wall components shared among all bacillus species (Lacey N, 2007). It was first described in 1995 and was found in the hindgut of the termite ''Reticulitermes flavipes''. It is also found in the human skin parasitic mite ''Demodex folliculorum'', and may be related to the development of a type of rosacea. This species has been recently transferred into the genus ''Heyndrickxia.'' The correct nomenclature is ''Heyndrickxia oleronia.'' See also *''Bacillus marinus'' *''Bacillus lentimorbus ''Bacillus lentimorbus'' is a Gram-positive bacterium used as a soil or plant inoculant in agriculture and horticulture. It is the causative agent of Milky disease in some scarab beetle larvae.Karen E. Rippere, Monique T. Tran, Allan A. Youste ...'' References External linksType strain of ''Bacillus oleronius'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacteria ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacillus Sporothermodurans
''Bacillus sporothermodurans'' is a species of bacteria notable for producing highly heat-resistant endospores, hence its name. It is strictly aerobic. Its type strain is M215 (DSMZ 10599). This species has been recently transferred into the genus ''Heyndrickxia ''Heyndrickxia'' is a genus of gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria (except for ''Heyndrickxia'' ''sporothermodurans'', which stains gram-negative) in the family ''Bacillaceae'' within the order ''Bacillales''. The type species for this genus is '' ...''. The correct nomenclature is ''Heyndrickxia sporothermodurans.'' References Further reading * * * * External links *Type strain of ''Bacillus sporothermodurans'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase sporothermodurans Bacteria described in 1996 {{bacilli-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacillaceae
The Bacillaceae are a family of gram-positive, heterotrophic, rod-shaped bacteria that may produce endospores. Motile members of this family are characterized by peritrichous flagella. Some Bacillaceae are aerobic, while others are facultative or strict anaerobes. Most are not pathogenic, but ''Bacillus'' species are known to cause disease in humans. Gram-variable cell wall Some Bacillaceae, such as the genera '' Filobacillus, Lentibacillus,'' and '' Halobacillus'', stain Gram-negative or Gram-variable, but are known to have a Gram-positive cell wall.Lim, J.M., Jeon, C.O., Song, S.M., and C.J. Kim. 2005''Pontibacillus chungwhensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic Gram-positive bacterium from a solar saltern in Korea'' Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55:165-170. Nomenclature Taxa within this family are sometimes colloquially identified as bacilli. However, this term is ambiguous because it does not distinguish between class Bacilli, order Bacillales, family Bacilla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogenetic Tree
A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. All life on Earth is part of a single phylogenetic tree, indicating common ancestry. In a ''rooted'' phylogenetic tree, each node with descendants represents the inferred most recent common ancestor of those descendants, and the edge lengths in some trees may be interpreted as time estimates. Each node is called a taxonomic unit. Internal nodes are generally called hypothetical taxonomic units, as they cannot be directly observed. Trees are useful in fields of biology such as bioinformatics, systematics, and phylogenetics. ''Unrooted'' trees illustrate only the relatedness of the leaf nodes and do not require the ancestral root to b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monophyly
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic groups are typically characterised by shared derived characteristics ( synapomorphies), which distinguish organisms in the clade from other organisms. An equivalent term is holophyly. The word "mono-phyly" means "one-tribe" in Greek. Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly as shown in the second diagram. A ''paraphyletic group'' consists of all of the descendants of a common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups. A '' polyphyletic group'' is characterized by convergent features or habits of scientific interest (for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, aquatic insects). The features by which a polyphyletic group is differentiated from others are not inherited from a common ancestor. These definitions have taken ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homoserine O-succinyltransferase
In enzymology, a homoserine O-succinyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :succinyl-CoA + L-homoserine \rightleftharpoons CoA + O-succinyl-L-homoserine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are succinyl-CoA and L-homoserine, whereas its two products are CoA and O-succinyl-L-homoserine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is succinyl-CoA:L-homoserine O-succinyltransferase. Other names in common use include homoserine O-transsuccinylase, and homoserine succinyltransferase. This enzyme participates in methionine metabolism and sulfur metabolism. Structural studies As of late 2016, three structures A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized. Material structures include man-made objects such as buildings an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate Reductase
In enzymology, a N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + NADP+ + phosphate \rightleftharpoons N-acetyl-L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + NADPH + H+ The 3 substrates of this enzyme are N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde, NADP+, and phosphate, whereas its 3 products are N-acetyl-L-glutamyl 5-phosphate, NADPH, and H+. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N-acetyl-L-glutamate-5-semialdehyde:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase (phosphorylating). Other names in common use include reductase, acetyl-gamma-glutamyl phosphate, N-acetylglutamate 5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, N-acetylglutamic gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, N-acetyl-L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde:NADP+ oxidoreductase, and (phosphorylating). This enzyme participates in urea cycle and me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conserved Signature Indels
Conserved signature inserts and deletions (CSIs) in protein sequences provide an important category of molecular markers for understanding phylogenetic relationships. CSIs, brought about by rare genetic changes, provide useful phylogenetic markers that are generally of defined size and they are flanked on both sides by conserved regions to ensure their reliability. While indels can be arbitrary inserts or deletions, CSIs are defined as only those protein indels that are present within conserved regions of the protein. The CSIs that are restricted to a particular clade or group of species, generally provide good phylogenetic markers of common evolutionary descent. Due to the rarity and highly specific nature of such changes, it is less likely that they could arise independently by either convergent or parallel evolution (i.e. homoplasy) and therefore are likely to represent synapomorphy. Other confounding factors such as differences in evolutionary rates at different sites or among ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxidase
In biochemistry, an oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions, especially one involving dioxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. In reactions involving donation of a hydrogen atom, oxygen is reduced to water (H2O) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Some oxidation reactions, such as those involving monoamine oxidase or xanthine oxidase, typically do not involve free molecular oxygen. The oxidases are a subclass of the oxidoreductases. Examples An important example is cytochrome c oxidase, the key enzyme that allows the body to employ oxygen in the generation of energy and the final component of the electron transfer chain. Other examples are: * Glucose oxidase * Monoamine oxidase * Cytochrome P450 oxidase * NADPH oxidase * Xanthine oxidase * L-gulonolactone oxidase * Laccase * Lysyl oxidase * Polyphenol oxidase * Sulfhydryl oxidase. This enzyme oxidises thiol groups. Oxidase test In microbiology, the oxidase test is used as a phenotypic characteristic for t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catalase
Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals) which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is a very important enzyme in protecting the cell from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Catalase has one of the highest turnover numbers of all enzymes; one catalase molecule can convert millions of hydrogen peroxide molecules to water and oxygen each second. Catalase is a tetramer of four polypeptide chains, each over 500 amino acids long. It contains four iron-containing heme groups that allow the enzyme to react with hydrogen peroxide. The optimum pH for human catalase is approximately 7, and has a fairly broad maximum: the rate of reaction does not change appreciably between pH 6.8 and 7.5. The pH optimum for other catalases varies between 4 and 11 depending on the species. The optimum temperature also varies by species. Structure Human catalase forms a t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Motility
Motility is the ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy. Definitions Motility, the ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy, can be contrasted with sessility, the state of organisms that do not possess a means of self-locomotion and are normally immobile. Motility differs from mobility, the ability of an object to be moved. The term vagility encompasses both motility and mobility; sessile organisms including plants and fungi often have vagile parts such as fruits, seeds, or spores which may be dispersed by other agents such as wind, water, or other organisms. Motility is genetically determined, but may be affected by environmental factors such as toxins. The nervous system and musculoskeletal system provide the majority of mammalian motility. In addition to animal locomotion, most animals are motile, though some are vagile, described as having passive locomotion. Many bacteria and other microorganisms, and multicellu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endospore
An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by some bacteria in the phylum Bacillota. The name "endospore" is suggestive of a spore or seed-like form (''endo'' means 'within'), but it is not a true spore (i.e., not an offspring). It is a stripped-down, dormant form to which the bacterium can reduce itself. Endospore formation is usually triggered by a lack of nutrients, and usually occurs in gram-positive bacteria. In endospore formation, the bacterium divides within its cell wall, and one side then engulfs the other. Endospores enable bacteria to lie dormant for extended periods, even centuries. There are many reports of spores remaining viable over 10,000 years, and revival of spores millions of years old has been claimed. There is one report of viable spores of ''Bacillus marismortui'' in salt crystals approximately 250 million years old. When the environment becomes more favorable, the endospore can reactivate itself into a vegetative state. Mos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
