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Hermann Friedrich Kohlbrugge
Hermann Friedrich Kohlbrugge, or Kohlbrügge (August 15, 1803, Amsterdam – March 5, 1875, Elberfeld) was a Dutch (German father) minister and reformed theologian. He was considered by many theologians like Karl Barth and Oepke Noordmans as one of the greatest theologians of the 19th century. Life Early life Hermann Friedrich Kohlbrugge grew up in Amsterdam. His father was a native German and he and his family attended the Restored Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Netherlands, a secession of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Kohlbrugge's mother belonged originally to the Dutch Reformed Church, the national Reformed Church of the Netherlands (Nederlands Hervormde Kerk), which was until 1795 protected and supported by the government. Study and conversion Kohlbrugge excelled at school and was allowed to the study of Arts at the University of Utrecht. Soon after his father died, he fulfilled a promise to his father and committed to studying theology. Kohlbrugge eventuall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julius Roeting
Julius Amatus Roeting (13 September 1822, in Dresden – 21 May 1896, in Düsseldorf) was a German painter. Biography He displayed artistic talent while still very young and, at the age of twelve, helped create a painting of a lion on a local theater curtain. He began his formal art studies at the Kunstakademie Dresden with Eduard Bendemann then, in 1849, moved to Düsseldorf, where he took over a painting class from the retiring Theodor Hildebrandt at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf. In 1868, he was named a professor, to replace the late Karl Ferdinand Sohn. During these years, he travelled extensively. He visited Krefeld in 1854, where he met and married his wife, Maria. The following year, he spent some time in Paris with Ludwig Knaus, then went on to London to paint several portraits, including one of Lord Cranworth, but left before completing his commissions, citing homesickness. In 1855, he was awarded the Order of St. Michael by King Maximilian II of Bavaria and, in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zuiderkerk
The Zuiderkerk (, "southern church") is a 17th-century Protestant church in the Nieuwmarkt area of Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. The church played an important part in the life of Rembrandt and was the subject of a painting by Claude Monet."Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : The Zuiderkerk, Amsterdam (Looking up the Groenburgwal)." Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : The Zuiderkerk, Amsterdam (Looking up the Groenburgwal). N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2013. . The church is open to the public and currently serves as a municipal information center with exhibitions on housing and the environment. History The Zuiderkerk was the city's first church built specifically for Protestant services. It was constructed between 1603 and 1611 and stands on the Zuiderkerkhof ("Southern Churchyard") square near the Sint Antoniesbreestraat. The distinctive church tower, which dominates the surrounding area, was not completed until 1614 and contains a carillon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dietrich Bonhoeffer
Dietrich Bonhoeffer (; 4 February 1906 – 9 April 1945) was a German Lutheran pastor, theologian and anti-Nazi dissident who was a key founding member of the Confessing Church. His writings on Christianity's role in the secular world have become widely influential; his 1937 book ''The Cost of Discipleship'' is described as a modern classic. Apart from his theological writings, Bonhoeffer was known for his staunch resistance to the Nazi dictatorship, including vocal opposition to Hitler's euthanasia program and genocidal persecution of the Jews. He was arrested in April 1943 by the Gestapo and imprisoned at Tegel prison for one and a half years. Later, he was transferred to Flossenbürg concentration camp. Bonhoeffer was accused of being associated with the 20 July plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler and was tried along with other accused plotters, including former members of the '' Abwehr'' (the German Military Intelligence Office). He was hanged on 9 April 1945 as the Nazi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Søren Kierkegaard
Søren Aabye Kierkegaard ( , , ; 5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a Danish theologian, philosopher, poet, social critic, and religious author who is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher. He wrote critical texts on organized religion, Christianity, morality, ethics, psychology, and the philosophy of religion, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony, and parables. Much of his philosophical work deals with the issues of how one lives as a "single individual", giving priority to concrete human reality over abstract thinking and highlighting the importance of personal choice and commitment. He was against literary critics who defined idealist intellectuals and philosophers of his time, and thought that Swedenborg, Hegel, Fichte, Schelling, Schlegel, and Hans Christian Andersen were all "understood" far too quickly by "scholars". Kierkegaard's theological work focuses on Christian ethics, the institution of the Church, the differences between purely ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kornelis Heiko Miskotte
Kornelis Heiko Miskotte (23 September 1894 in Utrecht – 31 August 1976 in Voorst) was a Dutch Protestant theologian and a representative of dialectical theology. Life Miskotte was born to a conservative Reformed Protestant family in the Netherlands. After attending Christian high school, he studied theology in his home city of Utrecht from 1914 to 1920. Theologically, he came under influence of the ethical theology of Johannes Hermanus Gunning, who taught an artful synthesis of modern culture and biblical revelation. Philosophically, Miskotte was also influenced by the Neo-Kantian B.J.H. Ovink. Miskotte became a socialist under the influence of the work of Henriëtte Roland Holst. As a theologian, he drew his inspiration from the Old Testament. In his writings, he frequently drew on socialism and the Old Testament to argue against the concepts of fate and nihilism. Pastorates After finishing his studies, he served as a pastor in the village of Kortgene in Noord-Bevela ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Martin Luther
Martin Luther (; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, and professor, and Order of Saint Augustine, Augustinian friar. He is the seminal figure of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation and the namesake of Lutheranism. Luther was ordained to the Priesthood in the Catholic Church, priesthood in 1507. He came to reject several teachings and practices of the Catholic Church, Roman Catholic Church; in particular, he disputed the view on indulgences. Luther proposed an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his ''Ninety-five Theses'' of 1517. His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his Excommunication (Catholic Church)#History, excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an Outlaw#In other countries, outlaw by the Holy Roman Emper ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karl Barth
Karl Barth (; ; – ) was a Swiss Calvinist theologian. Barth is best known for his commentary '' The Epistle to the Romans'', his involvement in the Confessing Church, including his authorship (except for a single phrase) of the Barmen Declaration, and especially his unfinished multi-volume theological summa the ''Church Dogmatics'' (published between 1932–1967). Barth's influence expanded well beyond the academic realm to mainstream culture, leading him to be featured on the cover of ''Time'' on 20 April 1962. Like many Protestant theologians of his generation, Barth was educated in a liberal theology influenced by Adolf von Harnack, Friedrich Schleiermacher and others. His pastoral career began in the rural Swiss town of Safenwil, where he was known as the "Red Pastor from Safenwil". There he became increasingly disillusioned with the liberal Christianity in which he had been trained. This led him to write the first edition of his '' The Epistle to the Romans'' (a.k.a. Ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antinomianism
Antinomianism (Ancient Greek: ἀντί 'anti''"against" and νόμος 'nomos''"law") is any view which rejects laws or legalism and argues against moral, religious or social norms (Latin: mores), or is at least considered to do so. The term has both religious and secular meanings. In some Christian belief systems, an antinomian is one who takes the principle of salvation by faith and divine grace to the point of asserting that the saved are not bound to follow the moral law contained in the Ten Commandments. The distinction between antinomian and other Christian views on moral law is that antinomians believe that obedience to the law is motivated by an internal principle flowing from belief rather than from any external compulsion. John Eaton, a leader in the antinomian underground during the 1630s, interpreted Revelation 12:1 with a quote recorded by Giles Firmin: ''"I saw a Woman Clothed with the Sun'' hat is, the Church Clothed with the righteousness of Christ, to her Jus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Réveil
The Réveil (French for "revival", "awakening") of 1814 was a revival movement within the Swiss Reformed Church of western Switzerland and some Reformed communities in southeastern France. The supporters were also called pejoratively ''momiers''. The movement was initially prompted by small Moravian communities implanted by earlier Moravian missionary efforts and much helped by British Presbyterians such as Robert Haldane or Henry Drummond, or Methodists such as Charles Cook; several members of Free Church of Scotland moved over to the Continent after Napoleon's fall. Among the leading personalities of the Réveil are Henri-Louis Empaytaz, César Malan, Louis Gaussen, Ami Bost, Henri Pyt, Antoine Jean-Louis Galland and Adolphe Monod as well as the controversial Barbara von Krüdener. Having accused the Protestant state church of apostasy from true Christianity, most of the Geneva momiers walked out of the State church in 1831 and set up the Evangelical Society in Geneva, with it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isaäc Da Costa
Isaäc da Costa (14 January 1798 – 28 April 1860) was a Jewish poet. Da Costa was born in Amsterdam in the Netherlands. His father, an aristocratic Sephardic Portuguese Jew, Daniel da Costa, a relative of Uriel Acosta, was a prominent merchant in the city of Amsterdam; his mother, Rebecca Ricardo, was a sister of the English political economist David Ricardo. Daniel da Costa, soon recognizing his son's love for study, destined him for the bar, and sent him to the Latin school from 1806 to 1811. Here Isaäc wrote his first verses. Through his Hebrew teacher, the mathematician and Hebraist Moses Lemans, he became acquainted with the great Dutch poet Bilderdijk, who, at the request of Isaäc's father, agreed to supervise the boy's further education. Bilderdijk taught him Roman law, and a familiar intercourse sprang up between them, which afterward developed into an intimate friendship. In 1817 Da Costa went to Leyden, where he again saw much of Bilderdijk. There he took h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albrecht Ritschl
Albrecht Ritschl (25 March 182220 March 1889) was a German Protestant theologian. Starting in 1852, Ritschl lectured on systematic theology. According to this system, faith was understood to be irreducible to other experiences, beyond the scope of reason. Faith, he said, came not from facts but from value judgments. Jesus' divinity, he argued, was best understood as expressing "revelational-value" of Christ for the community that trusts him as God. He held the Christ's message to be committed to a community."Ritschl, Albrecht." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005 Biography Ritschl was born in Berlin. His father, Georg Karl Benjamin Ritschl (1783–1858), became in 1810 a pastor at the church of St Mary in Berlin, and from 1827 to 1854 was general superintendent and evangelical bishop of Pomerania. Albrecht Ritschl studied at Bonn, Halle, Heidelberg and Tübingen. At Halle he came under Hegelian influences ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christocentric
Christocentric is a doctrinal term within Christianity, describing theological positions that focus on Jesus Christ, the second person of the Christian Trinity, in relation to the Godhead/God the Father (theocentric) or the Holy Spirit ( pneumocentric). ''Christocentric'' theologies make Christ the central theme about which all other theological positions/doctrines are oriented. Augustinism Certain theological traditions within the Christian Church can be described as more heavily ''Christocentric''. Notably, the teachings of Augustine of Hippo and Paul of Tarsus, which have been very influential in the West, place a great emphasis on the person of Jesus in the process of salvation. For instance, in Reformation theology, the Lutheran tradition is seen as more theologically ''Christocentric'', as it places its doctrine of justification by grace, which is primarily a Christological doctrine, at the center of its thought. Meanwhile, the Calvinist tradition is seen as more theolo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
