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Heimler Syndrome
Heimler syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, amelogenesis imperfecta, nail abnormalities and occasional or late-onset retinal pigmentation Signs/symptoms This condition is characterised by sensorineural hearing loss, enamel hypoplasia of the secondary dentition, nail abnormalities and occasional or late-onset retinal pigmentation abnormalities. Genetics This condition is caused by mutations in peroxisomal biogenesis factor 1 (PEX1) or peroxisomal biogenesis factor 6 (PEX6) genes.Ratbi I, Falkenberg KD, Sommen M, Al-Sheqaih N, Guaoua S, Vandeweyer G, Urquhart JE, Chandler KE, Williams SG, Roberts NA, El Alloussi M, Black GC, Ferdinandusse S, Ramdi H, Heimler A, Fryer A, Lynch SA, Cooper N, Ong KR, Smith CE, Inglehearn CF, Mighell AJ, Elcock C, Poulter JA, Tischkowitz M, Davies SJ, Sefiani A, Mironov AA, Newman WG, Waterham HR, Van Camp G (2015) Heimler syndrome is caused by hypomorphic mutations in the peroxisome-biogenes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a congenital disorder which presents with a rare abnormal formation of the enamel or external layer of the crown of teeth, unrelated to any systemic or generalized conditions. Enamel is composed mostly of mineral, that is formed and regulated by the proteins in it. Amelogenesis imperfecta is due to the malfunction of the proteins in the enamel (ameloblastin, enamelin, tuftelin and amelogenin) as a result of abnormal enamel formation via amelogenesis. People with amelogenesis imperfecta may have teeth with abnormal color: yellow, brown or grey; this disorder can affect any number of teeth of both dentitions. Enamel hypoplasia manifests in a variety of ways depending on the type of AI an individual has (see below), with pitting and plane-form defects common. The teeth have a higher risk for dental cavities and are hypersensitive to temperature changes as well as rapid attrition, excessive calculus deposition, and gingival hyperplasia.American Academy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peroxisome
A peroxisome () is a membrane-bound organelle, a type of microbody, found in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. Peroxisomes are oxidative organelles. Frequently, molecular oxygen serves as a co-substrate, from which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is then formed. Peroxisomes owe their name to hydrogen peroxide generating and scavenging activities. They perform key roles in lipid metabolism and the conversion of reactive oxygen species. Peroxisomes are involved in the catabolism of very long chain fatty acids, branched chain fatty acids, bile acid intermediates (in the liver), D-amino acids, and polyamines, the reduction of reactive oxygen species – specifically hydrogen peroxide – and the biosynthesis of plasmalogens, i.e., ether phospholipids critical for the normal function of mammalian brains and lungs. They also contain approximately 10% of the total activity of two enzymes (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) in the pentose ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PEX1
Peroxisome biogenesis factor 1, also known as PEX1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''PEX1'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the AAA protein family, a large group of ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities. This protein is cytoplasmic but is often anchored to a peroxisomal membrane where it forms a heteromeric complex and plays a role in the import of proteins into peroxisomes and peroxisome biogenesis. Mutations in this gene have been associated with complementation group 1 peroxisomal disorders such as neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, infantile Refsum disease, and Zellweger syndrome. Interactions PEX1 has been shown to interact with PEX6 and PEX26 Peroxisome assembly protein 26 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PEX26'' gene. Interactions PEX26 has been shown to interact with PEX1, PEX6 and SUFU Suppressor of fused homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ' .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PEX6
Peroxisome assembly factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PEX6'' gene. PEX6 is an AAA ATPase that localizes to the peroxisome. PEX6 forms a hexamer with PEX1 and is recruited to the membrane by PEX26. Function From yeast to plants to humans, there is only one verified function of PEX6; PEX6 (and PEX1) removes PEX5 from the peroxisomal membrane so that PEX5 may do additional rounds of peroxisomal import. Human PEX6 can genetically complement plant ''pex6'' mutants, which highlights functional conservation. Work with ''pex6'' mutants in '' Arabidopsis thaliana'' has shown that PEX6 may have a role in consuming oil body (plant-specific lipid droplets). Work with yeast ''pex6'' mutants has shown that PEX6 is a key player in the autophagy of peroxisomes called pexophagy. Related diseases Mutations in the genes encoding PEX6, along with PEX1, are the leading causes of peroxisomal biogenesis disorders, such as Zellweger Syndrome spectrum, infantile Refsum dise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromosome 7
Chromosome 7 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans, who normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 7 spans about 159 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 5 and 5.5 percent of the total DNA in cells. Genes Number of genes The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 7. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project ( CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes. Gene list The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 7. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right. Diseases and disorders The following diseases are some of those related to genes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromosome 6
Chromosome 6 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 6 spans more than 170 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 5.5 and 6% of the total DNA in cells. It contains the major histocompatibility complex, which contains over 100 genes related to the immune response, and plays a vital role in organ transplantation. Genes The human leukocyte antigen lies on chromosome 6, with the exception of the gene for β2-microglobulin (which is located on chromosome 15), and encodes cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins among other functions. Number of genes In 2003, the entirety of chromosome 6 was manually annotated for proteins, resulting in the identification of 1,557 genes, and 633 pseudogenes. The following are some of the newer gene count estimates. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome var ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ATPase
ATPases (, Adenosine 5'-TriPhosphatase, adenylpyrophosphatase, ATP monophosphatase, triphosphatase, SV40 T-antigen, ATP hydrolase, complex V (mitochondrial electron transport), (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase, HCO3−-ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase) are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of ATP into ADP and a free phosphate ion or the inverse reaction. This dephosphorylation reaction releases energy, which the enzyme (in most cases) harnesses to drive other chemical reactions that would not otherwise occur. This process is widely used in all known forms of life. Some such enzymes are integral membrane proteins (anchored within biological membranes), and move solutes across the membrane, typically against their concentration gradient. These are called transmembrane ATPases. Functions Transmembrane ATPases import metabolites necessary for cell metabolism and export toxins, wastes, and solutes that can hinder cellular processes. An important example is the sodium-potass ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PEX5
Peroxisomal targeting signal 1 receptor (PTS1R) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PEX5'' gene. PTS1R is a peroxisomal targeting sequence involved in the specific transport of molecules for oxidation inside the peroxisome. SKL binds to PTS1R in the cytosol followed by binding to the Pex14p receptor allowing importation of the peroxisomal protein through the pexsubunit transporter. Diseases associated with dysfunctional PTS1R receptors include X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and Zellweger syndrome. Interactions PEX5 has been shown to interact with PEX12, PEX13 and PEX14 Peroxisomal membrane protein PEX14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PEX14'' gene. Function This gene encodes an essential component of the peroxisomal import machinery. The protein is integrated into peroxisome membranes with i .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
