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Hammondia
''Hammondia'' is a genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. History This genus was created in 1975. Before this date the species of this genus were confused with ''Toxoplasma gondii'' to which they are closely related. The canid Canidae (; from Latin, ''canis'', "dog") is a biological family of dog-like carnivorans, colloquially referred to as dogs, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a canid (). There are three subfamilies found within the ...-infecting species, ''H. heydorni'' and ''H. triffittae'', have been split into new genus '' Heydornia'' based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis. Life cycle The species in this genus have two vertebrate hosts in their life cycle: a felid (the definitive host) and prey species (the intermediate host), which vary and depend on the local fauna but include mice, deer and others. In the gastrointestinal tract of the definitive host the parasite undergoes sexual reproduction, forms a zygo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hammondia Hammondi
''Hammondia hammondi'' is a species of obligate heteroxenous parasitic Alveolata, alveolates of domestic cats (final host). Intracellular cysts develop mainly in striated muscle. After the ingestion of cysts by cats, a multiplicative cycle precedes the development of gametocytes in the epithelium of the small intestine (each oocyst of the species averaging 11×13 micrometre, μm). Oocyst shedding persists for 10 to 28 days followed by immunity. Cysts in skeletal muscle measure between 100 and 340 μm in length and 40 and 95 μm in width. Some of the intermediate hosts (e.g. guinea pigs, hamsters) develop low levels of antibody and some cross-immunity against ''Toxoplasma''. Background ''Hammondia hammondi'' is an apicomplexan parasite with cat as its definitive host. It was discovered in 1975 and named after the eminent protozoologist D. M. Hammond. The parasite is obligate intracellular by nature and closely resembles ''Toxoplasma gondii'', another zoonotic parasite of cats. Afte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hammondia Pardalis
''Hammondia'' is a genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. History This genus was created in 1975. Before this date the species of this genus were confused with ''Toxoplasma gondii ''Toxoplasma gondii'' () is an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan (specifically an apicomplexan) that causes toxoplasmosis. Found worldwide, ''T. gondii'' is capable of infecting virtually all warm-blooded animals, but felids, such as d ...'' to which they are closely related. The canid-infecting species, ''H. heydorni'' and ''H. triffittae'', have been split into new genus '' Heydornia'' based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis. Life cycle The species in this genus have two vertebrate hosts in their life cycle: a felid (the definitive host) and prey species (the intermediate host), which vary and depend on the local fauna but include mice, deer and others. In the gastrointestinal tract of the definitive host the parasite undergoes sexual reproduction, forms a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heydornia
''Heydornia'' is a genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum In biology, a phylum (; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclature f ... Apicomplexa. History This genus was created in 2016 by splitting canid-infecting species from '' Hammondia'' based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis. Life cycle The species in this genus have two vertebrate hosts in their life cycle: a canid (the definitive host) and prey species (the intermediate host). They are strictly heteroxenous. References Apicomplexa genera Conoidasida {{Apicomplexa-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eucoccidiorida
The Eucoccidiorida are an order of microscopic, spore-forming, single-celled parasites belonging to the apicomplexan class Conoidasida. Protozoans of this order include parasites of humans, and both domesticated and wild animals including birds. Among these parasites are the ''Toxoplasma gondii'' that cause toxoplasmosis and ''Isospora belli'', which results in isosporiasis. Definition This is the largest order in the class Conoidasida and contains those species that all undergo merogony (asexual), gametogony (sexual) and sporogony (spore formation) during their lifecycles. Genera Nineteen families, three subfamilies, and 70 genera are recognised in this order. The genera include: '' Adelea'', '' Adelina'', ''Aggregata'', '' Alveocystis'', ''Atoxoplasma'', ''Babesiosoma'', '' Barrouxia'', '' Bartazoon'', '' Besnoitia'', ''Calyptospora'', '' Caryospora'', '' Caryotropha'', '' Chagasella'', ''Choleoeimeria'', ''Cryptosporidium'', '' Crystallospora'', ''Cyclospora'', '' Cyrilia'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eimeriorina
Eimeriorina is a suborder of phylum Apicomplexa. All species in this clade are homoxenous or facultatively homoxenous. Merogony, gamogony and oocyst formation all occur within the same host. The hosts may be vertebrates or invertebrates. Erroneous identifications of species is a major problem in coccidian systematics and it is likely that some of the genera and species will be revised. Taxonomy There are 12 families, 2 subfamilies and 50 genera recognised in this suborder. The genus ''Eimeria'' with ~1500 species is the largest genus in this suborder. Notes One genus is entirely entomoxenous (parasitic on insects) — '' Barrouxia''. The taxonomic status of ''Atoxoplasma ''Atoxoplasma'' is a genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. The species in this genus infect birds. They are spread by the orofaecal route. History This genus was created by Garnham in 1950. The history of this genus has been ...'' remains unclear. References Conoidasida SAR ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarcocystidae
The Sarcocystidae are a family of Apicomplexa associated with a variety of diseases in humans and other animals. Taxonomy Genera in this family include: * '' Besnoitia'' * ''Cystoisospora'' * ''Frenkelia'' * ''Nephroisospora'' * '' Neospora'' * ''Sarcocystis'' * ''Toxoplasma ''Toxoplasma gondii'' () is an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan (specifically an apicomplexan) that causes toxoplasmosis. Found worldwide, ''T. gondii'' is capable of infecting virtually all warm-blooded animals, but felids, such as d ...'' Evolution The genera ''Neospora'' and ''Toxoplasma'' appear to have diverged about . References External links Overview at webends.com* Genes Apicomplexa families {{Apicomplexa-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eukaryota
Eukaryotes () are organisms whose Cell (biology), cells have a cell nucleus, nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the Three-domain system, three domains of life. Bacteria and Archaea (both prokaryotes) make up the other two domains. The eukaryotes are usually now regarded as having emerged in the Archaea or as a sister of the Asgard (archaea), Asgard archaea. This implies that there are only Two-domain system, two domains of life, Bacteria and Archaea, with eukaryotes incorporated among archaea. Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of organisms, but, due to their generally much larger size, their collective global biomass (ecology), biomass is estimated to be about equal to that of prokaryotes. Eukaryotes emerged approximately 2.3–1.8 billion years ago, during the Proterozoic eon, likely as Flagellated cell, flagellated phagotrophs. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canid
Canidae (; from Latin, ''canis'', "dog") is a biological family of dog-like carnivorans, colloquially referred to as dogs, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a canid (). There are three subfamilies found within the canid family, which are the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae, and the extant Caninae. The Caninae are known as canines, and include domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals and other extant and extinct species. Canids are found on all continents except Antarctica, having arrived independently or accompanied human beings over extended periods of time. Canids vary in size from the gray wolf to the fennec fox. The body forms of canids are similar, typically having long muzzles, upright ears, teeth adapted for cracking bones and slicing flesh, long legs, and bushy tails. They are mostly social animals, living together in family units or small groups and behaving cooperatively. Typically, only the dominant pair in a group breed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toxoplasma Gondii
''Toxoplasma gondii'' () is an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan (specifically an apicomplexan) that causes toxoplasmosis. Found worldwide, ''T. gondii'' is capable of infecting virtually all warm-blooded animals, but felids, such as domestic cats, are the only known definitive hosts in which the parasite may undergo sexual reproduction. ''T. gondii'' has been shown to alter the behavior of infected rodents in ways that increase the rodents' chances of being preyed upon by felids. Support for this "manipulation hypothesis" stems from studies showing that ''T. gondii''-infected rats have a decreased aversion to cat urine. Because cats are the only hosts within which ''T. gondii'' can sexually reproduce to complete and begin its lifecycle, such behavioral manipulations are thought to be evolutionary adaptations that increase the parasite's reproductive success. Rats that do not avoid cat habitations will more likely become cat prey. ''Toxoplasma gondii'' infection i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylum
In biology, a phylum (; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants accepts the terms as equivalent. Depending on definitions, the animal kingdom Animalia contains about 31 phyla, the plant kingdom Plantae contains about 14 phyla, and the fungus kingdom Fungi contains about 8 phyla. Current research in phylogenetics is uncovering the relationships between phyla, which are contained in larger clades, like Ecdysozoa and Embryophyta. General description The term phylum was coined in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel from the Greek (, "race, stock"), related to (, "tribe, clan"). Haeckel noted that species constantly evolved into new species that seemed to retain few consistent features among themselves and therefore few features that distinguished them as a group ("a self-contained unity" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parasitic
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has characterised parasites as "predators that eat prey in units of less than one". Parasites include single-celled protozoans such as the agents of malaria, sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery; animals such as hookworms, lice, mosquitoes, and vampire bats; fungi such as honey fungus and the agents of ringworm; and plants such as mistletoe, dodder, and the broomrapes. There are six major parasitic strategies of exploitation of animal hosts, namely parasitic castration, directly transmitted parasitism (by contact), trophicallytransmitted parasitism (by being eaten), vector-transmitted parasitism, parasitoidism, and micropredation. One major axis of classification concerns invasiveness: an endoparasite lives inside the host's body; an e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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