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Hamming(7,4)
In coding theory, Hamming(7,4) is a linear error-correcting code that encodes four bits of data into seven bits by adding three parity bits. It is a member of a larger family of Hamming codes, but the term ''Hamming code'' often refers to this specific code that Richard W. Hamming introduced in 1950. At the time, Hamming worked at Bell Telephone Laboratories and was frustrated with the error-prone punched card reader, which is why he started working on error-correcting codes. The Hamming code adds three additional check bits to every four data bits of the message. Hamming's (7,4) algorithm can correct any single-bit error, or detect all single-bit and two-bit errors. In other words, the minimal Hamming distance between any two correct codewords is 3, and received words can be correctly decoded if they are at a distance of at most one from the codeword that was transmitted by the sender. This means that for transmission medium situations where burst errors do not occur, Hammin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamming(7,4)
In coding theory, Hamming(7,4) is a linear error-correcting code that encodes four bits of data into seven bits by adding three parity bits. It is a member of a larger family of Hamming codes, but the term ''Hamming code'' often refers to this specific code that Richard W. Hamming introduced in 1950. At the time, Hamming worked at Bell Telephone Laboratories and was frustrated with the error-prone punched card reader, which is why he started working on error-correcting codes. The Hamming code adds three additional check bits to every four data bits of the message. Hamming's (7,4) algorithm can correct any single-bit error, or detect all single-bit and two-bit errors. In other words, the minimal Hamming distance between any two correct codewords is 3, and received words can be correctly decoded if they are at a distance of at most one from the codeword that was transmitted by the sender. This means that for transmission medium situations where burst errors do not occur, Hammin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamming Code
In computer science and telecommunication, Hamming codes are a family of linear error-correcting codes. Hamming codes can detect one-bit and two-bit errors, or correct one-bit errors without detection of uncorrected errors. By contrast, the simple parity code cannot correct errors, and can detect only an odd number of bits in error. Hamming codes are perfect codes, that is, they achieve the highest possible rate for codes with their block length and minimum distance of three. Richard W. Hamming invented Hamming codes in 1950 as a way of automatically correcting errors introduced by punched card readers. In his original paper, Hamming elaborated his general idea, but specifically focused on the Hamming(7,4) code which adds three parity bits to four bits of data. In mathematical terms, Hamming codes are a class of binary linear code. For each integer there is a code-word with block length and message length . Hence the rate of Hamming codes is , which is the highest p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linear Block Code
In coding theory, block codes are a large and important family of error-correcting codes that encode data in blocks. There is a vast number of examples for block codes, many of which have a wide range of practical applications. The abstract definition of block codes is conceptually useful because it allows coding theorists, mathematicians, and computer scientists to study the limitations of ''all'' block codes in a unified way. Such limitations often take the form of ''bounds'' that relate different parameters of the block code to each other, such as its rate and its ability to detect and correct errors. Examples of block codes are Reed–Solomon codes, Hamming codes, Hadamard codes, Expander codes, Golay codes, and Reed–Muller codes. These examples also belong to the class of linear codes, and hence they are called linear block codes. More particularly, these codes are known as algebraic block codes, or cyclic block codes, because they can be generated using boolean polynom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamming(7,4) Example 1011
Hamming may refer to: * Richard Hamming (1915–1998), American mathematician * Hamming(7,4), in coding theory, a linear error-correcting code * Overacting, or acting in an exaggerated way See also * Hamming code, error correction in telecommunication * Hamming distance, a way of defining how different two sequences are * Hamming weight, the number of non-zero elements in a sequence * Hamming window In discrete-time signal processing, windowing is a preliminary signal shaping technique, usually applied to improve the appearance and usefulness of a subsequent Discrete Fourier Transform. Several '' window functions'' can be defined, based on ..., a mathematical function used in signal processing * Hammond (other) * Ham (other) {{disambiguation, surname ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamming(7,4) As Bits
Hamming may refer to: * Richard Hamming (1915–1998), American mathematician * Hamming(7,4), in coding theory, a linear error-correcting code * Overacting, or acting in an exaggerated way See also * Hamming code, error correction in telecommunication * Hamming distance, a way of defining how different two sequences are * Hamming weight, the number of non-zero elements in a sequence * Hamming window In discrete-time signal processing, windowing is a preliminary signal shaping technique, usually applied to improve the appearance and usefulness of a subsequent Discrete Fourier Transform. Several '' window functions'' can be defined, based on ..., a mathematical function used in signal processing * Hammond (other) * Ham (other) {{disambiguation, surname ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quantum Error Correction
Quantum error correction (QEC) is used in quantum computing to protect quantum information from errors due to decoherence and other quantum noise. Quantum error correction is theorised as essential to achieve fault tolerant quantum computing that can reduce the effects of noise on stored quantum information, faulty quantum gates, faulty quantum preparation, and faulty measurements. Classical error correction employs redundancy. The simplest albeit inefficient approach is the repetition code. The idea is to store the information multiple times, and—if these copies are later found to disagree—take a majority vote; e.g. suppose we copy a bit in the one state three times. Suppose further that a noisy error corrupts the three-bit state so that one of the copied bits is equal to zero but the other two are equal to one. Assuming that noisy errors are independent and occur with some sufficiently low probability ''p'', it is most likely that the error is a single-bit error and the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parity Bit
A parity bit, or check bit, is a bit added to a string of binary code. Parity bits are a simple form of error detecting code. Parity bits are generally applied to the smallest units of a communication protocol, typically 8-bit octets (bytes), although they can also be applied separately to an entire message string of bits. The parity bit ensures that the total number of 1-bits in the string is even or odd. Accordingly, there are two variants of parity bits: even parity bit and odd parity bit. In the case of even parity, for a given set of bits, the bits whose value is 1 are counted. If that count is odd, the parity bit value is set to 1, making the total count of occurrences of 1s in the whole set (including the parity bit) an even number. If the count of 1s in a given set of bits is already even, the parity bit's value is 0. In the case of odd parity, the coding is reversed. For a given set of bits, if the count of bits with a value of 1 is even, the parity bit value is set ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parity-check Matrix
In coding theory, a parity-check matrix of a linear block code ''C'' is a matrix which describes the linear relations that the components of a codeword must satisfy. It can be used to decide whether a particular vector is a codeword and is also used in decoding algorithms. Definition Formally, a parity check matrix ''H'' of a linear code ''C'' is a generator matrix of the dual code, ''C''⊥. This means that a codeword c is in ''C ''if and only if the matrix-vector product (some authors would write this in an equivalent form, c''H''⊤ = 0.) The rows of a parity check matrix are the coefficients of the parity check equations. That is, they show how linear combinations of certain digits (components) of each codeword equal zero. For example, the parity check matrix :H = \left \begin 0&0&1&1\\ 1&1&0&0 \end \right, compactly represents the parity check equations, :\begin c_3 + c_4 &= 0 \\ c_1 + c_2 &= 0 \end, that must be satisfied for the vector (c_1, c_2, c_3, c_4) to be a co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Binary Symmetric Channel
A binary symmetric channel (or BSCp) is a common communications channel model used in coding theory and information theory. In this model, a transmitter wishes to send a bit (a zero or a one), and the receiver will receive a bit. The bit will be "flipped" with a "crossover probability" of ''p'', and otherwise is received correctly. This model can be applied to varied communication channels such as telephone lines or disk drive storage. The noisy-channel coding theorem applies to BSCp, saying that information can be transmitted at any rate up to the channel capacity with arbitrarily low error. The channel capacity is 1 - \operatorname H_\text(p) bits, where \operatorname H_\text is the binary entropy function. Codes including Forney's code have been designed to transmit information efficiently across the channel. Definition A binary symmetric channel with crossover probability p, denoted by BSCp, is a channel with binary input and binary output and probability of error p. That i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Channel (communications)
A communication channel refers either to a physical transmission medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel in telecommunications and computer networking. A channel is used for information transfer of, for example, a digital bit stream, from one or several '' senders'' to one or several '' receivers''. A channel has a certain capacity for transmitting information, often measured by its bandwidth in Hz or its data rate in bits per second. Communicating an information signal across distance requires some form of pathway or medium. These pathways, called communication channels, use two types of media: Transmission line (e.g. twisted-pair, coaxial, and fiber-optic cable) and broadcast (e.g. microwave, satellite, radio, and infrared). In information theory, a channel refers to a theoretical ''channel model'' with certain error characteristics. In this more general view, a storage device is also a communication channel, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Signal Noise
In electronics, noise is an unwanted disturbance in an electrical signal. Noise generated by electronic devices varies greatly as it is produced by several different effects. In particular, noise is inherent in physics, and central to thermodynamics. Any conductor with electrical resistance will generate thermal noise inherently. The final elimination of thermal noise in electronics can only be achieved cryogenically, and even then quantum noise would remain inherent. Electronic noise is a common component of noise in signal processing. In communication systems, noise is an error or undesired random disturbance of a useful information signal in a communication channel. The noise is a summation of unwanted or disturbing energy from natural and sometimes man-made sources. Noise is, however, typically distinguished from interference, for example in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) and signal-to-noise plus interference ratio (SNIR) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perfect Code
In mathematics and computer science, in the field of coding theory, the Hamming bound is a limit on the parameters of an arbitrary block code: it is also known as the sphere-packing bound or the volume bound from an interpretation in terms of packing balls in the Hamming metric into the space of all possible words. It gives an important limitation on the efficiency with which any error-correcting code can utilize the space in which its code words are embedded. A code that attains the Hamming bound is said to be a perfect code. Background on error-correcting codes An original message and an encoded version are both composed in an alphabet of ''q'' letters. Each code word contains ''n'' letters. The original message (of length ''m'') is shorter than ''n'' letters. The message is converted into an ''n''-letter codeword by an encoding algorithm, transmitted over a noisy channel, and finally decoded by the receiver. The decoding process interprets a garbled codeword, referred to as s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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