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HLA A1-B8 Haplotype
HLA A1-B8 (Also:''HL A1,8''; ''HL A1,A8''; ''HLA A1-Cw7-B8''; ''HLA A*01-B*08'', ''HLA A*0101-B*0801'', ''HLA A*0101-Cw*0701-B*0801''; ''HLA A*01:01-C*07:01-B*08:01'') is a multigene haplotype that covers the MHC Class I region of the human major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6. A multigene haplotype is set of inherited alleles covering several genes, or gene-alleles; common multigene haplotypes are generally the result of identity by descent from a common ancestor (share a recent common ancestor for that segment of the chromosome). Chromosomal recombination fragments multigene haplotypes as the distance to that ancestor increases in number of generations. The haplotype can be written in an extended form covering the major histocompatibility loci as follows: HLA A : Cw : B However, there are many other gene-alleles within the haplotype. In Europe A1-B8 is found, generally as part of the HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2 haplotype. This haplotype is 4.7 million nucleotides in length ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HLA-F
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain F is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HLA-F'' gene. It is an empty intracellular molecule that encodes a non-classical heavy chain anchored to the membrane and forming a heterodimer with a β-2 microglobulin light chain. It belongs to the HLA class I heavy chain paralogues that separate from most of the HLA heavy chains. HLA-F is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and is also unique in the sense that it exhibits few polymorphisms in the human population relative to the other HLA genes; however, there have been found different isoforms from numerous transcript variants found for the HLA-F gene. Its pathways include INF-gamma signaling and CDK-mediated phosphorylation (cyclin-dependent kinase) and removal of the ''Saccharomyces'' ''cerevisiae'' Cdc6 protein, which is crucial for functional DNA replication. HLA-F The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a group of cell surface proteins th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Autoimmune hepatitis, formerly known as lupoid hepatitis, plasma cell hepatitis, or autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, is a chronic, autoimmune disease of the liver that occurs when the body's immune system attacks liver cells, causing the liver to be inflamed. Common initial symptoms may include fatigue, nausea, muscle aches, or weight loss or signs of acute liver inflammation including fever, jaundice, and right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Individuals with autoimmune hepatitis often have no initial symptoms and the disease may be detected by abnormal liver function tests and increased protein levels during routine bloodwork or the observation of an abnormal-looking liver during abdominal surgery. Anomalous presentation of MHC class II receptors on the surface of liver cells, possibly due to genetic predisposition or acute liver infection, causes a cell-mediated immune response against the body's own liver, resulting in autoimmune hepatitis. This abnormal immune respons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PBB Protein C4A Image
PBB as a three-letter abbreviation may refer to: * Parallel Building Blocks, an Intel multicore programming product * Partai Bulan Bintang or Crescent Star Party, an Indonesian political party * Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu, a Malaysian political party * Passenger boarding bridge or jet bridge, a connector that extends from an airport terminal gate to an airplane * ''Pauls und Braunes Beiträge'' or ''Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur'' (''Contributions to the History of the German Language and Literature''), an academic journal * Philippine Business Bank * '' Pinoy Big Brother'', the Philippine version of the reality television show ''Big Brother'' * Polybrominated biphenyl, a group of manufactured chemicals * Provider Backbone Bridges or IEEE 802.1ah-2008, a set of network routing protocols * Public Bank Berhad, one of bank perdagangan in Malaysia * Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, Indonesian abbreviation for United Nations The United Nations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atopies
Atopy is the tendency to produce an exaggerated immunoglobulin E (IgE) immune response to otherwise harmless substances in the environment. Allergic diseases are clinical manifestations of such inappropriate, atopic responses. Atopy may have a hereditary component, although contact with the allergen or irritant must occur before the hypersensitivity reaction can develop (characteristically after re-exposure). Maternal psychological trauma ''in utero'' may also be a strong indicator for development of atopy. The term ''atopy'' was coined by Arthur F. Coca and Robert Cooke in 1923. Many physicians and scientists use the term "atopy" for any IgE-mediated reaction (even those that are appropriate and proportional to the antigen), but many pediatricians reserve the word "atopy" for a genetically mediated predisposition to an excessive IgE reaction. The term is from Greek ἀτοπία meaning "the state of being out of place", "absurdity". Signs and symptoms Atopic sensitizatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ig A
IG, Ig, or ig may refer to: Companies * IG Farben, a former German industrial conglomerate * IG Group, a UK financial services company * IG Recordings, a record label formed by the Indigo Girls, an American folk/rock duo * Production I.G, a Japanese anime company * Impressions Games, a defunct United States gaming company * Internet Group, stylized as "iG", a Brazilian internet service provider * Invictus Games (company), a Hungarian video game developer * Air Italy (2018–2020) S.p.A. (IATA: IG), an Italian airline Games * Imperial Guard (''Warhammer 40,000''), from the tabletop strategy game ''Warhammer 40,000'' * ''Imperium Galactica'', a 1997 PC CD-ROM game by Hungary-based Digital Reality * Insomniac Games, an independent video game developer * Investment Game, an international stock market simulation game * Invictus Gaming, a Chinese professional E-sports team * Invictus Games, Paralympic sporting event * Invictus Games (company), Hungarian video game developer Gover ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juvenile Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes (T1D), formerly known as juvenile diabetes, is an autoimmune disease that originates when cells that make insulin (beta cells) are destroyed by the immune system. Insulin is a hormone required for the cells to use blood sugar for energy and it helps regulate glucose levels in the bloodstream. Before treatment this results in high blood sugar levels in the body. The common symptoms of this elevated blood sugar are frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger, weight loss, and other serious complications. Additional symptoms may include blurry vision, tiredness, and slow wound healing. Symptoms typically develop over a short period of time, often a matter of weeks. The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The underlying mechanism involves an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Diabetes is diagnosed by testing the level of sugar or gl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TNFB
Lymphotoxin-alpha (LT-α) formerly known as tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''LTA'' gene. Belonging to the hematopoietic cell line, LT-α exhibits anti-proliferative activity and causes the cellular destruction of tumor cell lines. As a cytotoxic protein, LT-α performs a variety of important roles in immune regulation depending on the form that it is secreted as. Unlike other members of the TNF superfamily, LT-α is only found as a soluble homotrimer, when found at the cell surface it is found only as a heterotrimer with LTβ. LT-α has a significant impact on the maintenance of the immune system including the development of secondary lymphoid organs. Absence of LT-α leads to the disruption of gastrointestinal development, prevents Peyer's patch development, and results in a disorganized spleen. As a signaling molecule, LT-α is involved in the regulation of cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. LT-Π... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Lupus, technically known as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body. Symptoms vary among people and may be mild to severe. Common symptoms include painful and swollen joints, fever, chest pain, hair loss, mouth ulcers, swollen lymph nodes, feeling tired, and a red rash which is most commonly on the face. Often there are periods of illness, called flares, and periods of remission during which there are few symptoms. The cause of SLE is not clear. It is thought to involve a mixture of genetics combined with environmental factors. Among identical twins, if one is affected there is a 24% chance the other one will also develop the disease. Female sex hormones, sunlight, smoking, vitamin D deficiency, and certain infections are also believed to increase a person's risk. The mechanism involves an immune response by autoantibodies against a person's own tissues. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linkage Disequilibrium
In population genetics, linkage disequilibrium (LD) is the non-random association of alleles at different loci in a given population. Loci are said to be in linkage disequilibrium when the frequency of association of their different alleles is higher or lower than what would be expected if the loci were independent and associated randomly. Linkage disequilibrium is influenced by many factors, including selection, the rate of genetic recombination, mutation rate, genetic drift, the system of mating, population structure, and genetic linkage. As a result, the pattern of linkage disequilibrium in a genome is a powerful signal of the population genetic processes that are structuring it. In spite of its name, linkage disequilibrium may exist between alleles at different loci without any genetic linkage between them and independently of whether or not allele frequencies are in equilibrium (not changing with time). Furthermore, linkage disequilibrium is sometimes referred to as gamet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MHC Class II
MHC Class II molecules are a class of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules normally found only on professional antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, mononuclear phagocytes, some endothelial cells, thymic epithelial cells, and B cells. These cells are important in initiating immune responses. The antigens presented by class II peptides are derived from extracellular proteins (not cytosolic as in MHC class I). Loading of a MHC class II molecule occurs by phagocytosis; extracellular proteins are endocytosed, digested in lysosomes, and the resulting epitopic peptide fragments are loaded onto MHC class II molecules prior to their migration to the cell surface. In humans, the MHC class II protein complex is encoded by the human leukocyte antigen gene complex (HLA). HLAs corresponding to MHC class II are HLA-DP, HLA-DM, HLA-DOA, HLA-DOB, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR. Mutations in the HLA gene complex can lead to bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS), which is a type of MHC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MHC Class I
MHC class I molecules are one of two primary classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (the other being MHC class II) and are found on the cell surface of all nucleated cells in the bodies of vertebrates. They also occur on platelets, but not on red blood cells. Their function is to display peptide fragments of proteins from within the cell to cytotoxic T cells; this will trigger an immediate response from the immune system against a particular non-self antigen displayed with the help of an MHC class I protein. Because MHC class I molecules present peptides derived from cytosolic proteins, the pathway of MHC class I presentation is often called ''cytosolic'' or ''endogenous pathway''. In humans, the HLAs corresponding to MHC class I are HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C. Function Class I MHC molecules bind peptides generated mainly from degradation of cytosolic proteins by the proteasome. The MHC I:peptide complex is then inserted via endoplasmic reticulum into the ext ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PBB Protein LTA Image
PBB as a three-letter abbreviation may refer to: * Parallel Building Blocks, an Intel multicore programming product * Partai Bulan Bintang or Crescent Star Party, an Indonesian political party * Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu, a Malaysian political party * Passenger boarding bridge or jet bridge, a connector that extends from an airport terminal gate to an airplane * ''Pauls und Braunes Beiträge'' or ''Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur'' (''Contributions to the History of the German Language and Literature''), an academic journal * Philippine Business Bank * '' Pinoy Big Brother'', the Philippine version of the reality television show ''Big Brother'' * Polybrominated biphenyl, a group of manufactured chemicals * Provider Backbone Bridges or IEEE 802.1ah-2008, a set of network routing protocols * Public Bank Berhad, one of bank perdagangan in Malaysia * Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, Indonesian abbreviation for United Nations The United Nations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
