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Guaicuruan Languages
Guaicuruan (Guaykuruan, Waikurúan, Guaycuruano, Guaikurú, Guaicuru, Guaycuruana) is a language family spoken in northern Argentina, western Paraguay, and Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul). The speakers of the languages are often collectively called the Guaycuru peoples. For the most part, the Guaycuruans lived in the Gran Chaco and were nomadic and warlike, until finally subdued by the various countries of the region in the 19th century. Genetic relations Jorge A. Suárez includes Guaicuruan with Charruan in a hypothetical ''Waikuru-Charrúa'' stock. Morris Swadesh includes Guaicuruan along with Matacoan, Charruan, and Mascoian within his '' Macro-Mapuche'' stock. Both proposals appear to be obsolete. Family division There is a clear binary split between Northern Guaicuruan (Kadiwéu) and Southern Guaicuruan according to Nikulin (2019).Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классиф ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guaycuru Peoples
Guaycuru or Guaykuru is a generic term for several ethnic groups indigenous to the Gran Chaco region of South America, speaking related Guaicuruan languages. In the 16th century, the time of first contact with Spanish explorers and colonists, the Guaycuru people lived in the present-day countries of Argentina (north of Santa Fe Province), Paraguay, Bolivia, and Brazil (south of Corumbá). The name is written ''guaycurú'' or ''guaicurú'' in Spanish (plural ''guaycurúes'' or ''guaicurúes''), and ''guaicuru'' in Portuguese (plural ''guaicurus''). It was originally an offensive epithet given to the Mbayá people of Paraguay by the Guarani, meaning "savage" or "barbarian", which later was extended to the whole group. It has also been used in the past to include other peoples of the Chaco region, but is now restricted to those speaking a Guaicuruan language. First encountered by the Spanish in the 16th century, the Guaycuru peoples strongly resisted Spanish control and the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toba Qom Language
Toba Qom is a Guaicuruan language spoken in South America by the Toba people. The language is known by a variety of names including Toba, Qom or Kom, Chaco Sur, and Toba Sur. In Argentina, it is most widely dispersed in the eastern regions of the provinces of Formosa and Chaco, where the majority of the approximately 19,810 (2000 WCD) speakers reside. The language is distinct from Toba-Pilagá and Paraguayan Toba-Maskoy. There are also 146 Toba speakers in Bolivia where it is known as Qom and in Paraguay where it is also known as Qob or Toba-Qom. In 2010, the province of Chaco in Argentina declared Qom as one of four provincial official languages alongside Spanish and the indigenous Moqoit and Wichí. History Many indigenous people from Chaco remained nomads until the nineteenth century. Their economy was based on hunting and gathering. They were organized in groups called ''bandas'' ( Spanish: "bands"), made up of the union of large families. They formed larger groups ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Čestmír Loukotka
Čestmír Loukotka (12 November 1895 – 13 April 1966) was a Czechoslovak linguist. His daughter was Jarmila Loukotková. Career Loukotka proposed a classification Classification is a process related to categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and understood. Classification is the grouping of related facts into classes. It may also refer to: Business, organizat ... for the languages of South America based on several previous works. This classification contained a lot of unpublished material and was therefore superior to all previous classifications. He divided the languages of South America and the Caribbean into 77 different families, based upon similarities of vocabulary and available lists. His classification of 1968 is the most influential and was based upon two previous schemes (1935, 1944), which were similar to those proposed by Paul Rivet (whom he was a student of), although the number of families was increased to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bureau Of American Ethnology
The Bureau of American Ethnology (or BAE, originally, Bureau of Ethnology) was established in 1879 by an act of Congress for the purpose of transferring archives, records and materials relating to the Indians of North America from the Interior Department to the Smithsonian Institution. But from the start, the bureau's visionary founding director, John Wesley Powell, promoted a broader mission: "to organize anthropologic research in America." Under Powell, the bureau organized research-intensive multi-year projects; sponsored ethnographic, archaeological and linguistic field research; initiated publications series (most notably its Annual Reports and Bulletins); and promoted the fledgling discipline of anthropology. It prepared exhibits for expositions and collected anthropological artifacts for the Smithsonian United States National Museum. In addition, the BAE was the official repository of documents concerning American Indians collected by the various US geological surveys, espe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution ( ), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums and education and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge". Founded on August 10, 1846, it operates as a trust instrumentality and is not formally a part of any of the three branches of the federal government. The institution is named after its founding donor, British scientist James Smithson. It was originally organized as the United States National Museum, but that name ceased to exist administratively in 1967. Called "the nation's attic" for its eclectic holdings of 154 million items, the institution's 19 museums, 21 libraries, nine research centers, and zoo include historical and architectural landmarks, mostly located in the District of Columbia. Additional facilities are located in Maryland, New York, and Virginia. More than 200 institutions and museums in 45 states,States without Smithsonian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Alden Mason
John Alden Mason (January 14, 1885 – November 7, 1967) was an American archaeological anthropologist and linguist. Mason was born in Orland, Indiana, but grew up in Philadelphia's Germantown. He received his undergraduate degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1907 and a doctorate from the University of California, Berkeley in 1911. His dissertation was an ethnographic study of the Salinan Amerindian ethnic group of California. He also authored a number of linguistic studies, including a study of Piman languages. His later ethnographic works included studies of the Tepehuan. The first series of Juan Bobo stories published in the U.S. occurred in 1921. They appeared in the ''Journal of American Folklore'' under the title ''Porto Rican Folklore'', and were collected by Mason from Puerto Rican school children. The story collection consisted of 56 "Picaresque Tales" about Juan Bobo, and included such exotic titles as ''Juan Bobo Heats up his Grandmother'', ''Juan Bobo D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mascoyan
The Mascoian also known as Enlhet–Enenlhet, Lengua–Mascoy, or Chaco languages are a small, closely related language family of Paraguay. Languages The languages are:Unruh, Ernesto; Kalisch, Hannes. 2003. "Enlhet-Enenlhet. Una familia lingüística chaqueña." Thule, ''Rivista italiana di studi americanistici'' 14/15: 207–23/ref> * Maskoy language, Maskoy (Toba-Maskoy) *Enxet (Southern Lengua) * Enlhet (Northern Lengua) * Kaskihá (Guaná) * Sanapaná * Angaité Two spurious languages have been claimed in the literature, ''Emok'' and ''Maskoy Pidgin''. Jolkesky (2016) Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas'. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília. († = extinct) ;Lengua-Maskoy *Lengua: '' Enlhet''; ''Enxet The Enxet are an indigenous people of about 17,000 living in the Gran Chaco region of western Paraguay. Originally hunter-gatherers, many are now ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mascoy Language
Maskoy, or Toba-Maskoy, is one of several languages of the Paraguayan Chaco (Particularly in the northern region of Paraguay) called '' Toba''. It is spoken on a reservation near Puerto Victoria. Toba-Maskoy is currently a threatened language at risk of becoming an extinct language, due to the low number of native speakers. History Toba-Maskoy was derived from Paraguay, specifically in the Chaco region of the Alto Paraguay department. Geographic Distribution Toba-Maskoy is spoken near Puerto Victoria, in the north of Paraguay. Official Status Though Toba-Maskoy is not the official language of Paraguay, it has a special well known status in the northern part of El Chaco. Dialects/Varieties Toba Maskoy is one of the five members of the Maskoy linguistic family, the other four include: Angaite, Enxet, Kaskiha, and Sanapan. Vocabulary and Grammar It is believed that around 1870 some Toba chiefs immigrated from Argentina escaping constant victimization of their peoples ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lyle Campbell
Lyle Richard Campbell (born October 22, 1942) is an American scholar and linguist known for his studies of indigenous American languages, especially those of Central America, and on historical linguistics in general. Campbell is professor emeritus of linguistics at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Life and career Lyle Campbell was raised in rural Oregon. He received a B.A. in archaeology and anthropology from Brigham Young University in 1966, then an M.A. in linguistics from the University of Washington in 1967, followed by doctoral studies at UCLA, earning a Ph.D. in 1971. Campbell has held appointments at the University of Missouri (1971–1974), the State University of New York at Albany (1974–1989), Louisiana State University (1989–1994), the University of Canterbury, in Christchurch, New Zealand (1994–2004), the University of Utah (2004–2010), and currently the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. He has been a visiting professor at Australian National University, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extinct Language
An extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, especially if the language has no living descendants. In contrast, a dead language is one that is no longer the native language of any community, even if it is still in use, like Latin. A dormant language is a dead language that still serves as a symbol of ethnic identity to a particular group. These languages are often undergoing a process of revitalisation. Languages that currently have living native speakers are sometimes called modern languages to contrast them with dead languages, especially in educational contexts. In the modern period, languages have typically become extinct as a result of the process of cultural assimilation leading to language shift, and the gradual abandonment of a native language in favour of a foreign ''lingua franca'', largely those of European countries. As of the 2000s, a total of roughly 7,000 natively spoken languages existed worldwide. Most of these are minor languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Payagua Language
Payaguá (Payawá) is an extinct language of Paraguay, Argentina, and Bolivia, spoken by the Payaguá Indians. It is usually classified as one of the Guaicuruan languages, but the data is insufficient to demonstrate that. Classification Viegas Barros (2004) proposes that Payagua may be a Macro-Guaicurúan language.Viegas Barros, José Pedro. 2004. ''Guaicurú no, macro-Guaicurú sí: Una hipótesis sobre la clasificación de la lengua Guachí (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil)''. Ms. 34pp. However, Campbell (2012) classifies Payagua as a language isolate Language isolates are languages that cannot be classified into larger language families. Korean and Basque are two of the most common examples. Other language isolates include Ainu in Asia, Sandawe in Africa, and Haida in North America. The nu .... An automated computational analysis ( ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guachi Language
Guachí (Wachí) is an extinct, apparently Guaicuruan language of Argentina. It is usually classified as one of the Guaicuruan languages, but the data is insufficient to demonstrate that. Documentation Guachi is known only from 145 words collected by Francis de Castelnau from March to early April of 1845 in the Miranda area of Argentina.Castelnau, Francis de 1850-1. ''Expédition dans les parties centrales de l’Amérique du Sud: de Rio de Janeiro á Lima, et de Lima au Para, executée par ordre du Gouvernement franais pendant les années 1843 á 1847''. Histoire du Voyage, París: P. Bertrand, vol. 2 & 5. Classification Viegas Barros (2004) proposes that Guachi, as well as Payaguá, may be a Macro-Guaicurúan language.Viegas Barros, José Pedro. 2004. ''Guaicurú no, macro-Guaicurú sí: Una hipótesis sobre la clasificación de la lengua Guachí (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil)''. Ms. 34pp. However, Campbell (2012) classifies Guachi as a language isolate Language isolates are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
