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Green 500
The Green500 is a biannual ranking of supercomputers, from the TOP500 list of supercomputers, in terms of energy efficiency. The list measures performance per watt using the TOP500 measure of high performance LINPACK benchmarks at double-precision floating-point format. In 2022, Hewlett Packard Enterprise took the lead, with AMD-based systems (AMD CPUs and AMD GPUs) in the 4 top positions, with the top position over 50% more efficient than the previous year (Japanese) top position. And number two on the list (the current fastest on TOP500) is also over 50% more efficient than the currently most efficient (and much smaller) Nvidia-based system. No large Nvidia-based system make the top 10 positions of Graph500 (smaller ones in 7th to 10th, nor any longer any (small or large) ARM-based ( Fugaku was at the top of the list in June 2021). History , an Appro International, Inc. Xtreme-X supercomputer (''Beacon'') topped the Green500 list with 2.499 LINPACK GFLOPS/W. Beacon is deploye ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biannual
An anniversary is the date on which an event took place or an institution was founded in a previous year, and may also refer to the commemoration or celebration of that event. The word was first used for Catholic feasts to commemorate saints. Most countries celebrate national anniversaries, typically called national days. These could be the date of independence of the nation or the adoption of a new constitution or form of government. There is no definite method for determining the date of establishment of an institution, and it is generally decided within the institution by convention. The important dates in a sitting monarch's reign may also be commemorated, an event often referred to as a "jubilee". Names * Birthdays are the most common type of anniversary, on which someone's birthdate is commemorated each year. The actual celebration is sometimes moved for practical reasons, as in the case of an official birthday or one falling on February 29. * Wedding anniversarie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of AMD Graphics Processing Units
The following is a list that contains general information about GPUs and video cards by AMD, including those by ATI Technologies before 2006, based on official specifications in table-form. Field explanations The headers in the table listed below describe the following: * Model – The marketing name for the GPU assigned by AMD/ ATI. Note that ATI trademarks have been replaced by AMD trademarks starting with the Radeon HD 6000 series for desktop and AMD FirePro series for professional graphics. * Codename – The internal engineering codename for the GPU. * Launch – Date of release for the GPU. * Architecture – The microarchitecture used by the GPU. * Fab – Fabrication process. Average feature size of components of the GPU. * Transistors – Number of transistors on the die. * Die Size – Physical surface area of the die. * Core config – The layout of the graphics pipeline, in terms of functional units. * Core clock – The reference base and boost (if available) cor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lenovo
Lenovo Group Limited, often shortened to Lenovo ( , ), is a Chinese multinational technology company specializing in designing, manufacturing, and marketing consumer electronics, personal computers, software, business solutions, and related services. Products manufactured by the company include desktop computers, laptops, tablet computers, smartphones, workstations, servers, supercomputers, electronic storage devices, IT management software, and smart televisions. Its best-known brands include its ThinkPad business line of laptop computers (acquired from IBM), the IdeaPad, Yoga, and Legion consumer lines of laptop computers, and the IdeaCentre and ThinkCentre lines of desktop computers. As of 2021, Lenovo is the world's largest personal computer vendor by unit sales. Lenovo was founded in Beijing on 1 November 1984 as Legend by a team of engineers led by Liu Chuanzhi and Danny Lui. Initially specializing in televisions, the company migrated towards manufacturing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Watt
The watt (symbol: W) is the unit of power or radiant flux in the International System of Units (SI), equal to 1 joule per second or 1 kg⋅m2⋅s−3. It is used to quantify the rate of energy transfer. The watt is named after James Watt (1736–1819), an 18th-century Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved the Newcomen engine with his own steam engine in 1776. Watt's invention was fundamental for the Industrial Revolution. Overview When an object's velocity is held constant at one metre per second against a constant opposing force of one newton, the rate at which work is done is one watt. : \mathrm In terms of electromagnetism, one watt is the rate at which electrical work is performed when a current of one ampere (A) flows across an electrical potential difference of one volt (V), meaning the watt is equivalent to the volt-ampere (the latter unit, however, is used for a different quantity from the real power of an electrical cir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FLOPS
In computing, floating point operations per second (FLOPS, flops or flop/s) is a measure of computer performance, useful in fields of scientific computations that require floating-point calculations. For such cases, it is a more accurate measure than measuring instructions per second. Floating-point arithmetic Floating-point arithmetic is needed for very large or very small real numbers, or computations that require a large dynamic range. Floating-point representation is similar to scientific notation, except everything is carried out in base two, rather than base ten. The encoding scheme stores the sign, the exponent (in base two for Cray and VAX, base two or ten for IEEE floating point formats, and base 16 for IBM Floating Point Architecture) and the significand (number after the radix point). While several similar formats are in use, the most common is ANSI/IEEE Std. 754-1985. This standard defines the format for 32-bit numbers called ''single precision'', as well ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
POWER9
POWER9 is a family of superscalar, multithreading, multi-core microprocessors produced by IBM, based on the Power ISA. It was announced in August 2016. The POWER9-based processors are being manufactured using a 14 nm FinFET process, in 12- and 24-core versions, for scale out and scale up applications, and possibly other variations, since the POWER9 architecture is open for licensing and modification by the OpenPOWER Foundation members. Summit, the fourth fastest supercomputer in the world (based on the Top500 list as of June 2022), is based on POWER9, while also using Nvidia Tesla GPUs as accelerators. Design Core The POWER9 core comes in two variants, a four-way multithreaded one called ''SMT4'' and an eight-way one called ''SMT8''. The SMT4- and SMT8-cores are similar, in that they consist of a number of so-called ''slices'' fed by common schedulers. A slice is a rudimentary 64-bit single-threaded processing core with load store unit (LSU), integer unit (ALU) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Summit (supercomputer)
Summit or OLCF-4 is a supercomputer developed by IBM for use at Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF), a facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, capable of 200 petaFLOPS thus making it the 4th fastest supercomputer in the world after Frontier (OLCF-5), Fugaku, and LUMI. It held the number 1 position from November 2018 to June 2020. Its current LINPACK benchmark is clocked at 148.6 petaFLOPS. As of November 2019, the supercomputer had ranked as the 5th most energy efficient in the world with a measured power efficiency of 14.668 gigaFLOPS/watt. Summit was the first supercomputer to reach exaflop (a quintillion operations per second) speed, achieving 1.88 exaflops during a genomic analysis and is expected to reach 3.3 exaflops using mixed-precision calculations. History The United States Department of Energy awarded a $325 million contract in November 2014 to IBM, NVIDIA and Mellanox. The effort resulted in construction of Summit and Sierra. Summit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NVIDIA Tesla
Nvidia Tesla was the name of Nvidia's line of products targeted at stream processing or general-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPU), named after pioneering electrical engineer Nikola Tesla. Its products began using GPUs from the G80 series, and have continued to accompany the release of new chips. They are programmable using the CUDA or OpenCL APIs. The Nvidia Tesla product line competed with AMD's Radeon Instinct and Intel Xeon Phi lines of deep learning and GPU cards. Nvidia retired the Tesla brand in May 2020, reportedly because of potential confusion with the brand of cars. Its new GPUs are branded Nvidia Data Center GPUs, as in the Ampere A100 GPU. Overview Offering computational power much greater than traditional microprocessors, the Tesla products targeted the high-performance computing market. , Nvidia Teslas power some of the world's fastest supercomputers, including Summit at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Tianhe-1A, in Tianjin, China. Tesla cards ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volta (microarchitecture)
Volta is the codename for a GPU microarchitecture developed by Nvidia, succeeding Pascal. It was first announced on a roadmap in March 2013, although the first product was not announced until May 2017. The architecture is named after 18th–19th century Italian chemist and physicist Alessandro Volta. It was NVIDIA's first chip to feature Tensor Cores, specially designed cores that have superior deep learning performance over regular CUDA cores. The architecture is produced with TSMC's 12 nm FinFET process. The Ampere microarchitecture is the successor to Volta. The first graphics card to use it was the datacenter Tesla V100, e.g. as part of the Nvidia DGX-1 system. It has also been used in the Quadro GV100 and Titan V. There were no mainstream GeForce graphics cards based on Volta. Details Architectural improvements of the Volta architecture include the following: * CUDA Compute Capability 7.0 ** concurrent execution of integer and floating point operations * TSMC's 12&nbs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PEZY Computing
PEZY Computing is a Japanese fabless computer chip design company specialising in the design of manycore processors for supercomputers. History PEZY Computing was founded in 2010. The company's first manycore processor the PEZY-1 was launched in 2012. A successor the PEZY-SC launched 2014. In 2015, computers using PEZY processors occupied the top 3 slots on the Green 500 supercomputer list the most efficient was RIKEN's ''Shoubu'' computer with 7.03 GFLOPS/Watt. In late 2016, PEZY and Imagination Technologies announced a partnership to use Imagination's 64-bit MIPS "Warrior" CPUs together with PEZY's SC2 manycore processors in future high performance computing applications. In early 2017, the PEZY-SC2 chip was launched. In Nov 2017 the ''Gyoukou'' supercomputer was unveiled, incorporating PEZY-SC2 chips. In December 2017, PEZY President Motoaki Saito, and PEZY employee, Daisuke Suzuki, were arrested on a charges of fraud that is padding expenses claims to Japan's New Energy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
OpenCL
OpenCL (Open Computing Language) is a framework for writing programs that execute across heterogeneous platforms consisting of central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and other processors or hardware accelerators. OpenCL specifies programming languages (based on C99, C++14 and C++17) for programming these devices and application programming interfaces (APIs) to control the platform and execute programs on the compute devices. OpenCL provides a standard interface for parallel computing using task- and data-based parallelism. OpenCL is an open standard maintained by the non-profit technology consortium Khronos Group. Conformant implementations are available from Altera, AMD, ARM, Creative, IBM, Imagination, Intel, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung, Vivante, Xilinx, and ZiiLABS. Overview OpenCL views a computing system as consisting of a number of ''compute devices'', which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General-purpose Computing On Graphics Processing Units
General-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU, or less often GPGP) is the use of a graphics processing unit (GPU), which typically handles computation only for computer graphics, to perform computation in applications traditionally handled by the central processing unit (CPU). The use of multiple video cards in one computer, or large numbers of graphics chips, further parallelizes the already parallel nature of graphics processing. Essentially, a GPGPU pipeline is a kind of parallel processing between one or more GPUs and CPUs that analyzes data as if it were in image or other graphic form. While GPUs operate at lower frequencies, they typically have many times the number of cores. Thus, GPUs can process far more pictures and graphical data per second than a traditional CPU. Migrating data into graphical form and then using the GPU to scan and analyze it can create a large speedup. GPGPU pipelines were developed at the beginning of the 21st century for graph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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