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Glyptapanteles Demeter
''Glyptapanteles'' is a genus of endoparasitoid wasps found in Central and North America and New Zealand. The larvae of the members of ''Glyptapanteles sp.'' are distinguished by their ability to manipulate their hosts into serving as bodyguards. Reproduction Female ''Glyptapanteles'' oviposit into caterpillar hosts. The caterpillar continues to grow and feed normally until the 4th or 5th instar, whereupon up to 80 fully grown larvae emerge from its body to pupate. Some species parasitized by ''Glyptapanteles'' include ''Lymantria dispar'', ''Chrysodeixis chalcites,'' ''Thyrinteina leucocerae'' (both pictured), and ''Acronicta rumicis''. According to a study done in South Korea on the species ''G. liparidis,'' the parasitoid tends to prefer to feed on the second-instar ''A. rumicis'' larva, indicating that the stage of caterpillar life may have significant role in maximizing nutrient intake. Behavior alteration After the larvae of ''Glyptapanteles'' sp. emerge, the caterpillar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thyrinteina Leucocerae
''Thyrinteina'' is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae first described by Heinrich Benno Möschler in 1890. ''Thyrinteina leucocerae'' caterpillars are parasitized by ''Glyptapanteles'' parasitic wasps which inject their eggs into the caterpillar. When wasp larvae are fully grown they exit the caterpillar and pupate nearby. The caterpillar then covers them in silk and will defend the pupating wasps with violent head swings. Species *'' Thyrinteina arnobia'' (Stoll, 1782) *''Thyrinteina leucocerae ''Thyrinteina'' is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae first described by Heinrich Benno Möschler in 1890. ''Thyrinteina leucocerae'' caterpillars are parasitized by ''Glyptapanteles ''Glyptapanteles'' is a genus of endoparasitoid wa ...'' References * Geometridae Articles containing video clips {{Nacophorini-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shield Bug
The Pentatomoidea are a superfamily of insects in the Heteroptera suborder of the Hemiptera order. As Hemiptera, they share a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts. The roughly 7000 species under Pentatomoidea are divided into 21 families (16 extant and 5 extinct). Among these are the stink bugs and shield bugs, jewel bugs, giant shield bugs, and burrower bugs. Description The Pentatomoidea are characterised by a well-developed scutellum (the hardened extension of the thorax over the abdomen). It can be triangular to semielliptical in shape. The antennae typically have five segments. The tarsi usually have two or three segments. Shield bugs have prothoracic glands (in their thoraces, between the first and second pair of legs) that produce a foul-smelling liquid, which is used defensively to deter potential predators and is sometimes released when the bugs are handled. These prothoracic glands are also present in the nymphs, which are similar to adults except smalle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braconidae Genera
The Braconidae are a family of parasitoid wasps. After the closely related Ichneumonidae, braconids make up the second-largest family in the order Hymenoptera, with about 17,000 recognized species and many thousands more undescribed. One analysis estimated a total between 30,000 and 50,000, and another provided a narrower estimate between 42,000 and 43,000 species. Classification The Braconidae are currently divided into about 47 subfamilies and over 1000 genera, which include ''Aerophilus'', ''Aleiodes'', ''Apanteles'', ''Asobara'', ''Bracon (genus), Bracon'', ''Cenocoelius'', ''Chaenusa'', ''Chorebus'', ''Cotesia'', ''Dacnusa'', ''Diachasma'', ''Microgaster'', ''Opius'', ''Parapanteles'', ''Phaenocarpa'', ''Spathius'', and ''Syntretus.'' These fall into two major groups, informally called the cyclostomes and noncyclostomes. In cyclostome braconids, the Labrum (arthropod mouthpart), labrum and the lower part of the Clypeus (arthropod anatomy), clypeus are concave with respect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microgastrinae
Microgastrinae is a subfamily of braconid wasps, encompassing almost 3,000 described species, with an estimated 30,000–50,000 total species. This makes it one of the richest subfamilies with the most species of parasitoid wasps. Genera These 84 genera belong to the subfamily Microgastrinae: * '' Agupta'' Fernandez-Triana, 2018 * '' Alloplitis'' Nixon, 1965 * '' Alphomelon'' Mason, 1981 * '' Apanteles'' Förster, 1862 * '' Austinicotesia'' Fernandez-Triana, 2018 * '' Austrocotesia'' Austin & Dangerfield, 1992 * ''Beyarslania'' Koçak & Kemal, 2009 * '' Billmasonius'' Fernandez-Triana, 2018 * '' Buluka'' de Saeger, 1948 * '' Carlmuesebeckius'' Fernandez-Triana, 2018 * '' Chaoa'' Luo & You, 2004 * '' Choeras'' Mason, 1981 * ''Clarkinella'' Mason, 1981 * '' Cotesia'' Cameron, 1891 * '' Cuneogaster'' Choi & Whitfield, 2006 * '' Dasylagon'' Muesebeck, 1958 * '' Deuterixys'' Mason, 1981 * ''Diolcogaster'' Ashmead, 1900 * '' Distatrix'' Mason, 1981 * '' Dodogaster'' Rousse, 2013 * '' D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emerald Cockroach Wasp
The emerald cockroach wasp or jewel wasp (''Ampulex compressa'') is a solitary wasp of the family Ampulicidae. It is known for its unusual reproductive behavior, which involves stinging a cockroach and using it as a host for its larvae. It thus belongs to the entomophagous parasites. Distribution The wasp is mostly found in the tropical regions of Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific islands. The flying wasps are more abundant in the warm seasons of the year. ''A. compressa'' was introduced to Hawaii by F.X. Williams in 1941 as a method of biocontrol. This has been unsuccessful because of the territorial tendencies of the wasp, and the small scale on which they hunt. The species is also found in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. ''A. compressa'' likely arrived in the country through the ports of Santos and Rio de Janeiro. Description The wasp has a metallic blue-green body, with the thighs of the second and third pair of legs red. The fem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hymenoepimecis Argyraphaga
''Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga'' is a Costa Rican parasitoid wasp whose host is the spider ''Plesiometa argyra''. The wasp is unusual in modifying the spider's web building behavior to make a web made of very strong lines designed to support the wasp's cocoon without breaking in the rain. Habitat ''Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga'' is indigenous to Costa Rica. Its ideal habitat would include good sources of food, mating sites, and a stable population of their host spider. This parasitic wasp feeds on sugar and nectar and tends to be near heavy vegetation. The wasp prefers heavy vegetation because this provides both a good mating site as the wasps mate on tips of leaves and protection during development. Heavy vegetation provides thick undergrowth where the spider can spin their webs providing protection from heavy rains and winds. Reproduction ''Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga'' wasps have a haplodiploid genetic system, meaning unfertilized eggs will become males and fertilized eggs wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lolium Perenne
''Lolium perenne'', common name perennial ryegrass, English ryegrass, winter ryegrass, or ray grass, is a grass from the family Poaceae. It is native to Europe, Asia and northern Africa, but is widely cultivated and naturalised around the world. Description The plant is a low-growing, tufted, hairless grass, with a bunching (or tillering) growth habit. The leaves are dark green, smooth and glossy on the lower surface, with untoothed parallel sides and prominent parallel veins on the upper surface. The leaves are folded lengthwise in bud (unlike the rolled leaves of Italian ryegrass, ''Lolium multiflorum'') with a strong central keel, giving a flattened appearance. The ligule is very short and truncated and often difficult to see. The small white auricles grip the stem at the base of the leaf blade. Leaf sheaths at the base are usually tinged pink and hairless. Stems grow up to 90 cm. The inflorescence is unbranched, with spikelets on alternating sides edgeways-on to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mythimna Unipuncta
''Mythimna unipuncta'', the true armyworm moth, white-speck moth, common armyworm or rice armyworm, is a nocturnal agricultural pest belonging to the family Noctuidae. This moth is also commonly referred to by the scientific name ''Pseudaletia unipuncta''. The species was first described by Adrian Hardy Haworth in 1809. ''Mythimna unipuncta'' is found in the Americas and in parts of Europe, Africa and Asia. Its original distribution is North and South America. It has been introduced to other places from there. They are known as armyworms because the caterpillars move in lines as a massive group, like an army, from field to field, damaging crops.Palmer, Geoff (July 23, 2012)"Pest Alert - Armyworms Round Two Hit Hay and Corn Crops" ''Agriculture and Market''. The true armyworm has a distinct migration pattern in which they travel north in the spring and south in the fall to ensure that mating occurs in a favorable environment in the summer. While progressing through the life cyc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. The United States is also in free association with three Pacific Island sovereign states: the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau. It is the world's third-largest country by both land and total area. It shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south and has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 333 million, it is the most populous country in the Americas and the third most populous in the world. The national capital of the United States is Washington, D.C. and its most populous city and principal financial center is New York City. Paleo-Americ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lymantria Dispar
''Lymantria dispar'', also known as the gypsy moth or the spongy moth, is a species of moth in the family Erebidae. ''Lymantria dispar'' is subdivided into several subspecies, with subspecies such as ''L. d. dispar'' and ''L. d. japonica'' being clearly identifiable without ambiguity. ''Lymantria dispar'' has been introduced to several continents and is now found in Europe, Africa, Asia, North America and South America. The polyphagous larvae live on a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees and can cause severe damage in years of mass reproduction. Due to these features, ''Lymantria dispar'' is listed among the world's 100 worst invasive alien species. Etymology The name “gypsy moth” does not have conclusive origins, however it has been in use since 1908. Moths of the subfamily Lymantriinae are commonly called tussock moths due to the tussock-like tufts of hair on the caterpillars.The Gypsy Moth: Research Toward Integrated Pest Management, United States Department of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Pest Control
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, such as insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases, using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs. There are three basic strategies for biological pest control: classical (importation), where a natural enemy of a pest is introduced in the hope of achieving control; inductive (augmentation), in which a large population of natural enemies are administered for quick pest control; and inoculative (conservation), in which measures are taken to maintain natural enemies through regular reestablishment. Natural enemies of insect pests, also known as biological control agents, include predators, parasitoids, pathogens, and competitors. Biological control agents of plant diseases are most often referred to as antagonists. Biologic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
USDA
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, and food. It aims to meet the needs of commercial farming and livestock food production, promotes agricultural trade and production, works to assure food safety, protects natural resources, fosters rural communities and works to end hunger in the United States and internationally. It is headed by the Secretary of Agriculture, who reports directly to the President of the United States and is a member of the president's Cabinet. The current secretary is Tom Vilsack, who has served since February 24, 2021. Approximately 80% of the USDA's $141 billion budget goes to the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) program. The largest component of the FNS budget is the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (formerly known as the Food Stamp program), which is the cornerstone of USDA's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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