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Ginsenoside
Ginsenosides or panaxosides are a class of natural product steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins. Compounds in this family are found almost exclusively in the plant genus '' Panax'' (ginseng), which has a long history of use in traditional medicine that has led to the study of pharmacological effects of ginseng compounds. As a class, ginsenosides exhibit a large variety of subtle and difficult-to-characterize biological effects when studied in isolation. Ginsenosides can be isolated from various parts of the plant, though typically from the roots, and can be purified by column chromatography. The chemical profiles of ''Panax'' species are distinct; although Asian ginseng, ''Panax ginseng'', has been most widely studied due to its use in traditional Chinese medicine, there are ginsenosides unique to American ginseng (''Panax quinquefolius'') and Japanese ginseng (''Panax japonicus''). Ginsenoside content also varies significantly due to environmental effects. Classificatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ginsenoside Rg1
Ginsenosides or panaxosides are a class of natural product steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins. Compounds in this family are found almost exclusively in the plant genus ''Panax'' (ginseng), which has a long history of use in traditional medicine that has led to the study of pharmacological effects of ginseng compounds. As a class, ginsenosides exhibit a large variety of subtle and difficult-to-characterize biological effects when studied in isolation. Ginsenosides can be isolated from various parts of the plant, though typically from the roots, and can be purified by column chromatography. The chemical profiles of ''Panax'' species are distinct; although Asian ginseng, ''Panax ginseng'', has been most widely studied due to its use in traditional Chinese medicine, there are ginsenosides unique to American ginseng (''Panax quinquefolius'') and Japanese ginseng (''Panax japonicus''). Ginsenoside content also varies significantly due to environmental effects. Classification ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudoginsenoside F11
Pseudoginsenoside F11 is a chemical natural product found in American ginseng (''Panax quinquefolius'') but not in Asian ginseng (''Panax ginseng''), although it has similar properties to the Asian ginseng compound ginsenoside Rf. The molecule is a triterpenoid saponin member of the dammarane family and contains a four-ring rigid skeleton. Compounds in the ginsenoside family are found almost exclusively in plants of the genus ''Panax''. A wide variety of difficult-to-characterize ''in vitro'' effects have been reported for the compounds in isolation. Pseudoginsenoside F11 and its derivatives are sometimes referred to as having an ''ocotillol''-type skeleton structure. Studies in mice have identified antagonistic effects on the actions of other well-characterized drugs, such as scopolamine, morphine Morphine is a strong opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin in poppies (''Papaver somniferum''). It is mainly used as a pain medication, and is also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Ginseng
American ginseng (''Panax quinquefolius'') is a herbaceous perennial plant in the ivy family, commonly used as an herb in traditional Chinese medicine. It is native to eastern North America, though it is also cultivated in China. Since the 18th century, American ginseng (''P. quinquefolius'') has been primarily exported to Asia, where it is highly valued for its cooling and sedative medicinal effects. It is considered to represent the cooling yin qualities, while Asian ginseng embodies the warmer aspects of yang. Description The aromatic root of American ginseng (''Panax quinquefolius'') resembles a small parsnip that forks as it matures. The plant grows tall, usually bearing three leaves, each with three to five leaflets, long. American ginseng can be found in much of the eastern and central United States and in part of southeastern Canada. It is found primarily in deciduous forests of the Appalachian and Ozark regions of the United States. American ginseng is found in full ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protopanaxatriol
Protopanaxatriol (PPT) is an organic compound characterizing a group of ginsenosides. It is a dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpene sapogenins found in ginseng (''Panax ginseng'') and in notoginseng (''Panax pseudoginseng''). See also * Panaxatriol * Protopanaxadiol Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is an organic compound characterizing a group of ginsenosides. It is a dammarane-type tetracyclic terpene sapogenin found in ginseng (''Panax ginseng'') and in notoginseng (''Panax pseudoginseng''). Just what protopanaxadi ... References {{alcohol-stub Triterpenes Tetrols Steroids ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oleanane
Oleanane is a natural triterpenoid. It is commonly found in woody angiosperms and as a result is often used as an indicator of these plants in the fossil record. It is a member of the oleanoid series, which consists of pentacyclic triterpenoids (such as beta-amyrin and taxerol) where all rings are six-membered. Structure Oleanane is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a class of molecules made up of six connected isoprene units. The naming of both the ring structures and individual carbon atoms in oleanane is the same as in steroids. As such, it consists of a A, B, C, D, and E ring, all of which are six-membered rings. The structure of oleanane contains a number of different methyl groups, that vary in orientation between different oleananes. For example, in 18-alpha-oleanane contains a downward facing methyl group for the 18th carbon atom, while 18-beta-oleanane contains an upward facing methyl group at the same position. Of note is that fact that the A and B rings of the oleanane st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cycloartenol Synthase
In enzymology, a cycloartenol synthase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :(S)-2,3-epoxysqualene \rightleftharpoons cycloartenol Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene, and one product, cycloartenol. This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those intramolecular transferases transferring other groups. The systematic name A systematic name is a name given in a systematic way to one unique group, organism, object or chemical substance, out of a specific population or collection. Systematic names are usually part of a nomenclature. A semisystematic name or semitrivial ... of this enzyme class is (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene mutase (cyclizing, cycloartenol-forming). Other names in common use include 2,3-epoxysqualene cycloartenol-cyclase, squalene-2,3-epoxide-cycloartenol cyclase, 2,3-epoxysqualene cycloartenol-cyclase, 2,3-epoxysqualene-cycloartenol cyclase, and 2,3-oxidosqualene-cycloartenol cyclase. This enzyme participates ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phytosterol
Phytosterols are phytosteroids, similar to cholesterol, that serve as structural components of biological membranes of plants. They encompass plant sterols and stanols. More than 250 sterols and related compounds have been identified. Free phytosterols extracted from oils are insoluble in water, relatively insoluble in oil, and soluble in alcohols. Phytosterol-enriched foods and dietary supplements have been marketed for decades. Despite well-documented LDL cholesterol-lowering effects from long-term consumption of phytosterols, there is insufficient evidence for an effect on cardiovascular diseases, fasting blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, or overall mortality rate. Structure They have a fused polycyclic structure and vary in carbon side chains and / or presence or absence of a double bond (saturation). They are divided into 4,4-dimethyl phytosterols, 4-monomethyl phytosterols, and 4-desmethyl phytosterols based on the location of methyl groups at the carbon-4 posit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beta-amyrin Synthase
β-amyrin synthase (, ''2,3-oxidosqualene beta-amyrin cyclase'', ''AsbAS1'', ''BPY'', ''EtAS'', ''GgbAS1'', ''LjAMY1'', ''MtAMY1'', ''PNY'', ''BgbAS'') is an enzyme with systematic name ''(3S)-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrosqualene mutase (cyclizing, beta-amyrin-forming)''. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the IUPAC nomenclature for organic transformations, chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the pos ... : (3S)-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrosqualene \rightleftharpoons beta-amyrin Some organism possess a monofunctional beta-amyrin synthase. References External links * {{Portal bar, Biology, border=no EC 5.4.99 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dammarenediol Synthase
Dammarenediol II synthase (, ''dammarenediol synthase'', ''2,3-oxidosqualene (20S)-dammarenediol cyclase'', ''DDS'', ''(S)-squalene-2,3-epoxide hydro-lyase (dammarenediol-II forming)'') is an enzyme with systematic name ''(3S)-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrosqualene hydro-lyase (dammarenediol-II forming)''. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking ... : dammarenediol II \rightleftharpoons (3''S'')-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrosqualene + H2O The reaction occurs in the reverse direction. References External links * EC 4.2.1 {{Enzyme-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Squalene Epoxidase
Squalene monooxygenase (also called squalene epoxidase) is a eukaryotic enzyme that uses NADPH and diatomic oxygen to oxidize squalene to 2,3-oxidosqualene (squalene epoxide). Squalene epoxidase catalyzes the first oxygenation step in sterol biosynthesis and is thought to be one of the rate-limiting enzymes in this pathway. In humans, squalene epoxidase is encoded by the ''SQLE'' gene. Several eukaryote genomes lack a squalene monooxygenase encoding gene, but instead encode an alternative squalene epoxidase that performs the same task. Mechanism The canonical squalene monooxygenase is a flavoprotein monooxygenase. Flavoprotein monooxygenase form flavin hydroperoxides at the enzyme active site, which then transfer the terminal oxygen atom of the hydroperoxide to the substrate. Squalene monooxygenase differs from other flavin monooxygenases in that the oxygen is inserted into the substrate as an epoxide rather than as a hydroxyl group. This enzyme contains a loosely bound ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Squalene
Squalene is an organic compound. It is a triterpenoid with the formula C30H50. It is a colourless oil, although impure samples appear yellow. It was originally obtained from shark liver oil (hence its name, as ''Squalus'' is a genus of sharks). All plants and animals produce squalene as a biochemical intermediate to sterol biosynthesis. An estimated 12% of bodily squalene in humans is found in sebum. Squalene has a role in topical skin lubrication and protection. Squalene is a precursor for synthesis of all plant and animal sterols, including cholesterol and steroid hormones in the human body. Squalene is an important ingredient in some vaccine adjuvants: The Novartis and GlaxoSmithKline adjuvants are called MF59 and AS03, respectively. Role in steroid synthesis Squalene is the biochemical precursor to steroids. The squalene conversion begins with oxidation (via squalene monooxygenase) of one of its terminal double bonds, resulting in 2,3-oxidosqualene. It then undergoes an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
