|
Ginsenoside
Ginsenosides or panaxosides are a class of natural product steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins. Compounds in this family are found almost exclusively in the plant genus '' Panax'' (ginseng), which has a long history of use in traditional medicine that has led to the study of pharmacological effects of ginseng compounds. As a class, ginsenosides exhibit a large variety of subtle and difficult-to-characterize biological effects when studied in isolation. Ginsenosides can be isolated from various parts of the plant, though typically from the roots, and can be purified by column chromatography. The chemical profiles of ''Panax'' species are distinct; although Asian ginseng, ''Panax ginseng'', has been most widely studied due to its use in traditional Chinese medicine, there are ginsenosides unique to American ginseng (''Panax quinquefolius'') and Japanese ginseng (''Panax japonicus''). Ginsenoside content also varies significantly due to environmental effects. Classification G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ginsenoside Rg1
Ginsenosides or panaxosides are a class of natural product steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins. Compounds in this family are found almost exclusively in the plant genus ''Panax'' (ginseng), which has a long history of use in traditional medicine that has led to the study of pharmacological effects of ginseng compounds. As a class, ginsenosides exhibit a large variety of subtle and difficult-to-characterize biological effects when studied in isolation. Ginsenosides can be isolated from various parts of the plant, though typically from the roots, and can be purified by column chromatography. The chemical profiles of ''Panax'' species are distinct; although Asian ginseng, ''Panax ginseng'', has been most widely studied due to its use in traditional Chinese medicine, there are ginsenosides unique to American ginseng (''Panax quinquefolius'') and Japanese ginseng (''Panax japonicus''). Ginsenoside content also varies significantly due to environmental effects. Classification Gi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudoginsenoside F11
Pseudoginsenoside F11 is a chemical natural product found in American ginseng (''Panax quinquefolius'') but not in Asian ginseng (''Panax ginseng''), although it has similar properties to the Asian ginseng compound ginsenoside Rf. The molecule is a triterpenoid saponin member of the dammarane family and contains a four-ring rigid skeleton. Compounds in the ginsenoside family are found almost exclusively in plants of the genus ''Panax''. A wide variety of difficult-to-characterize ''in vitro'' effects have been reported for the compounds in isolation. Pseudoginsenoside F11 and its derivatives are sometimes referred to as having an ''ocotillol''-type skeleton structure. Studies in mice have identified antagonistic effects on the actions of other well-characterized drugs, such as scopolamine, morphine, and methamphetamine Methamphetamine (contracted from ) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Ginseng
American ginseng (''Panax quinquefolius'') is a herbaceous perennial plant in the ivy family, commonly used as an herb in traditional Chinese medicine. It is native to eastern North America, though it is also cultivated in China. Since the 18th century, American ginseng (''P. quinquefolius'') has been primarily exported to Asia, where it is highly valued for its cooling and sedative medicinal effects. It is considered to represent the cooling yin qualities, while Asian ginseng embodies the warmer aspects of yang. Description The aromatic root of American ginseng (''Panax quinquefolius'') resembles a small parsnip that forks as it matures. The plant grows tall, usually bearing three leaves, each with three to five leaflets, long. American ginseng can be found in much of the eastern and central United States and in part of southeastern Canada. It is found primarily in deciduous forests of the Appalachian and Ozark regions of the United States. American ginseng is found in ful ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dammarenediol Synthase
Dammarenediol II synthase (, ''dammarenediol synthase'', ''2,3-oxidosqualene (20S)-dammarenediol cyclase'', ''DDS'', ''(S)-squalene-2,3-epoxide hydro-lyase (dammarenediol-II forming)'') is an enzyme with systematic name ''(3S)-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrosqualene hydro-lyase (dammarenediol-II forming)''. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the IUPAC nomenclature for organic transformations, chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the pos ... : dammarenediol II \rightleftharpoons (3''S'')-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrosqualene + H2O The reaction occurs in the reverse direction. References External links * EC 4.2.1 {{Enzyme-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protopanaxatriol
Protopanaxatriol (PPT) is an organic compound characterizing a group of ginsenosides. It is a dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpene sapogenins found in ginseng (''Panax ginseng'') and in notoginseng ''Panax notoginseng'' is a species of the genus ''Panax'', and it is commonly referred to in English as Chinese ginseng * or notoginseng. In Chinese it is called ''tiánqī'' (), tienchi ginseng, ''sānqī'' () or ''sanchi'', three-seven root, a ... (''Panax pseudoginseng''). See also * Panaxatriol * Protopanaxadiol References {{alcohol-stub Triterpenes Tetrols Steroids ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protopanaxadiol
Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is an organic compound characterizing a group of ginsenosides. It is a dammarane-type tetracyclic terpene sapogenin found in ginseng (''Panax ginseng'') and in notoginseng (''Panax pseudoginseng''). Just what protopanaxadiol's metabolites do inside the human body is still unclear. One study suggests it has rapid, non-genomic effects on endothelial cells, binding to the glucocorticoid and oestrogen beta receptors. The study also showed an increase of intracellular calcium ion concentration. See also * Protopanaxatriol Protopanaxatriol (PPT) is an organic compound characterizing a group of ginsenosides. It is a dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpene sapogenins found in ginseng (''Panax ginseng'') and in notoginseng ''Panax notoginseng'' is a species of t ... References Triterpenes Triols Steroids {{alcohol-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dammarane
Dammarane is a tetracyclic triterpene found in sapogenins (forming triterpenoid saponins) like those of ginseng ( ginsenosides: panaxatriol and protopanaxadiol). Compounds of the series were first isolated from and named after dammar resin Dammar, also called dammar gum, or damar gum, is a resin obtained from the tree family Dipterocarpaceae in India and Southeast Asia, principally those of the genera ''Shorea'' or ''Hopea'' (synonym ''Balanocarpus''). The resin of some species ..., a natural resin from tropical trees of the Dipterocarp family. Mills J.S. (1956) "The Constitution of the Neutral, Tetracyclic Triterpenes of Dammar Resin" ''Journal of the Chemical Society'' 2196-2202 References External links Numbering of dammarane according to IUPAC Recommendations Steroids Triterpenes {{steroid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triterpene Saponin
Saponins (Latin "sapon", soap + "-in", one of), also selectively referred to as triterpene glycosides, are bitter-tasting usually toxic plant-derived organic chemicals that have a foamy quality when agitated in water. They are widely distributed but found particularly in soapwort (genus Saponaria), a flowering plant, the soapbark tree (''Quillaja saponaria'') and soybeans (''Glycine max'' L.). They are used in soaps, medicinals, fire extinguishers, speciously as dietary supplements, for synthesis of steroids, and in carbonated beverages (the head on a mug of root beer). Structurally, they are glycosides, sugars bonded to another organic molecule, usually a steroid or triterpene, a steroid building block. Saponins are both water and fat soluble, which gives them their useful soap properties. Some examples of these chemicals are glycyrrhizin, licorice flavoring; and quillaia (alt. quillaja), a bark extract used in beverages. Uses The saponins are a subclass of terpenoids, the larges ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glycoside
In chemistry, a glycoside is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond. Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. Several species of '' Heliconius'' butterfly are capable of incorporating these plant compounds as a form of chemical defense against predators. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body. In formal terms, a glycoside is any molecule in which a sugar group is bonded through its anomeric carbon to another group via a glycosidic bond. Glycosides can be linked by an O- (an '' O-glycoside''), N- (a ''glycosylamine''), S-(a '' thioglycoside''), or C- (a ''C-glycoside'') glycosidic bond. According ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Panax
The ''Panax'' (ginseng) genus belongs to the ''Araliaceae'' (ivy) family. ''Panax'' species are characterized by the presence of ginsenosides and gintonin. ''Panax'' is one of approximately 60 plant genera with a classical disjunct east Asian and east North American distribution. Furthermore, this disjunct distribution is asymmetric as only two of the ~18 species in genus are native to North America. Etymology The name ''Panax'', meaning "all-healing" in Greek, shares the same origin as "panacea" and was used for this genus because Carl Linnaeus was aware of its wide use in Chinese medicine. ''Panax'' species Genus ''Panax'' :Subgenus ''Panax'' ::Section ''Panax'' :::Series ''Notoginseng'' ::::'' Panax notoginseng'' (Burkill) F.H.Chen (known as ''san qi'', ''tian qi'' or ''tien chi'') :::Series ''Panax'' ::::'' Panax assamicus'' (Assam Ginseng) ::::'' Panax bipinnatifidus'' Seem. :::::var. ''angustifolius'' (Burkill) J.Wen ::::''Panax ginseng'' C.A.Mey. (Asian ginseng, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cycloartenol Synthase
In enzymology, a cycloartenol synthase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :(S)-2,3-epoxysqualene \rightleftharpoons cycloartenol Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene, and one product, cycloartenol. This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those intramolecular transferases transferring other groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene mutase (cyclizing, cycloartenol-forming). Other names in common use include 2,3-epoxysqualene cycloartenol-cyclase, squalene-2,3-epoxide-cycloartenol cyclase, 2,3-epoxysqualene cycloartenol-cyclase, 2,3-epoxysqualene-cycloartenol cyclase, and 2,3-oxidosqualene-cycloartenol cyclase. This enzyme participates in biosynthesis of steroids A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes that alter mem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phytosterol
Phytosterols are phytosteroids, similar to cholesterol, that serve as structural components of biological membranes of plants. They encompass plant sterols and stanols. More than 250 sterols and related compounds have been identified. Free phytosterols extracted from oils are insoluble in water, relatively insoluble in oil, and soluble in alcohols. Phytosterol-enriched foods and dietary supplements have been marketed for decades. Despite well-documented LDL cholesterol-lowering effects from long-term consumption of phytosterols, there is insufficient evidence for an effect on cardiovascular diseases, fasting blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, or overall mortality rate. Structure They have a fused polycyclic structure and vary in carbon side chains and / or presence or absence of a double bond (saturation). They are divided into 4,4-dimethyl phytosterols, 4-monomethyl phytosterols, and 4-desmethyl phytosterols based on the location of methyl groups at the carbon-4 position. St ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
