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Garuda Indonesia Flight 892
Garuda Indonesian Airways Flight 892 was a scheduled international passenger flight of Garuda Indonesian Airways (now Garuda Indonesia) from Jakarta to Amsterdam with stopovers in Singapore, Bangkok, Bombay (now Mumbai), Karachi, Cairo, and Rome. On 28 May 1968, while operating the flight's Bombay to Karachi segment, the Convair CV-990-30A-5 jet airliner crashed during the climbout from Bombay–Santacruz Airport (now Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport). The aircraft crashed in Bilalpada village near the town of Nala Sopara, killing all 29 passengers and crew on board and one person on the ground. Although the cause of the accident is unclear, it presumably was caused by loss of control, which resulted from engine failure due to misfueling during the stopover in Bombay. The accident was the second hull loss of the Convair 990; it was also the first accident involving the type to result in fatalities. Aircraft The aircraft involved in the accident was a Convair ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aviation Fuel
Aviation fuels are petroleum-based fuels, or petroleum and synthetic fuel blends, used to power aircraft. They have more stringent requirements than fuels used for ground use, such as heating and road transport, and contain additives to enhance or maintain properties important to fuel performance or handling. They are kerosene-based ( JP-8 and Jet A-1) for gas turbine-powered aircraft. Piston-engined aircraft use leaded gasoline and those with diesel engines may use jet fuel (kerosene). By 2012, all aircraft operated by the U.S. Air Force had been certified to use a 50-50 blend of kerosene and synthetic fuel derived from coal or natural gas as a way of stabilizing the cost of fuel. Specific energy (energy per unit mass) is an important criterion in selecting fuel for an aircraft. The much higher energy storage capability of hydrocarbon fuels compared to batteries has so far prevented electric aircraft using electric batteries as the main propulsion energy store becoming via ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leonardo Da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport
Rome–Fiumicino International Airport "Leonardo da Vinci" ( it, Aeroporto Internazionale di Roma–Fiumicino "Leonardo da Vinci"; ) is an international airport in Fiumicino, Italy, serving Rome. It is the List of the busiest airports in Italy, busiest airport in the country, the List of the busiest airports in Europe, eleventh-busiest airport in Europe and the world's World's busiest airports by passenger traffic, 49th-busiest airport with over 43.5 million passengers served. It covers an area of . The airport served as the main Airline hub, hub for Alitalia, formerly the flag carrier and largest Italian airline, which terminated operations on 15 October 2021. It is now the main international hub for Alitalia's successor ITA Airways. As of 2022, it has won the “Best Airport Award” in the category of hubs with over 40 million passengers, issued by Airports Council International (ACI) Europe, for three years in a row. History Early years During construction the remains of C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Milk Run
The phrase milk run originated in World War II, when United States Army Air Corps and Royal Air Force aircrews used it to describe a mission with little danger. Other sources show the term "milk run" to be in use in rural areas of the American Upper Midwest as early as 1917, where it was used to describe a train that made frequent stops to pick up farmers' milk cans for shipment to local dairies for processing and bottling. The Macmillan online dictionary describes the American usage as, "AMERICAN an airplane or train trip with stops at many places." In this context, the term was popularly used to describe a slow, tedious trip. The same entry describes a somewhat different British usage: "BRITISH a regular trip during which nothing unusual happens, especially by airplane." History In American urban culture, a milk run came to describe the distribution of milk bottles by the milkman. On his daily route, the milkman simultaneously distributed the full bottles and collected the empt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coordinated Universal Time
Coordinated Universal Time or UTC is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about one second of mean solar time (such as UT1) at 0° longitude (at the IERS Reference Meridian as the currently used prime meridian) and is not adjusted for daylight saving time. It is effectively a successor to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). The coordination of time and frequency transmissions around the world began on 1 January 1960. UTC was first officially adopted as CCIR Recommendation 374, ''Standard-Frequency and Time-Signal Emissions'', in 1963, but the official abbreviation of UTC and the official English name of Coordinated Universal Time (along with the French equivalent) were not adopted until 1967. The system has been adjusted several times, including a brief period during which the time-coordination radio signals broadcast both UTC and "Stepped Atomic Time (SAT)" before a new UTC was adopted in 1970 and implemented in 1972. This change also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indian Standard Time
Indian Standard Time (IST), sometimes also called India Standard Time, is the time zone observed throughout India, with a time offset of UTC+05:30. India does not observe daylight saving time or other seasonal adjustments. In military and aviation time, IST is designated E* ("Echo-Star"). It is indicated as Asia/Kolkata in the IANA time zone database. History After Independence in 1947, the Union government established IST as the official time for the whole country, although Kolkata and Mumbai retained their own local time (known as Calcutta Time and Bombay Time) until 1948 and 1955, respectively. The Central observatory was moved from Chennai to a location at Shankargarh Fort in Allahabad district, so that it would be as close to UTC+05:30 as possible. Daylight Saving Time (DST) was used briefly during the China–India War of 1962 and the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971. Calculation Indian Standard Time is calculated from the clock tower in Mirzapur nea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Testbed Aircraft
A testbed aircraft is an aeroplane, helicopter or other kind of aircraft intended for flight research or testing the aircraft concepts or on-board equipment. These could be specially designed or modified from serial production aircraft. Use of testbed aircraft For example, in development of new aircraft engines, these are fitted to a testbed aircraft for flight testing, before certification. For this adaptation it is required, among other changes, that new instrumentation wiring and equipment, fuel system and piping, as well as structural modifications of wing. The Folland Fo.108 (nicknamed the "Folland Frightful") was a dedicated engine testbed aircraft of the 1940s. The aircraft had a mid fuselage cabin for test instrumentation and observers. Twelve were built and provided to British aero-engine companies. A large number of aircraft-testbeds have been produced and tested since 1941 in the USSR and Russia by the Gromov Flight Research Institute. AlliedSignal, Honeywell Aeros ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Airlines
American Airlines is a major airlines of the United States, major US-based airline headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, within the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. It is the Largest airlines in the world, largest airline in the world when measured by fleet size, scheduled passengers carried, and revenue passenger mile. American, together with its regional partners and affiliates, operates an extensive international and domestic network with almost 6,800 flights per day to nearly 350 destinations in more than 50 countries. American Airlines is a founding member of the Oneworld alliance, the third-largest airline alliance in the world. Regional service is operated by independent and subsidiary carriers under the brand name American Eagle (airline brand), American Eagle. American Airlines and American Eagle operate out of 10 hubs, with Dallas Fort Worth International Airport, Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) being its largest. The airline handles more than 200 million passengers annually with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Electric CJ805
The General Electric CJ805 is a jet engine which was developed by GE Aviation in the late 1950s. It was a civilian version of the General Electric J79, J79 and differed only in detail. It was developed in two versions. The basic CJ805-3 was a turbojet and powered the Convair 880, while CJ805-23 (military designation TF35), a turbofan derivative, powered the Convair 990 airliners. Design and development Impetus Turbojet engines consist of a compressor at the front, a burner area, and then a turbine that powers the compressor. In order to reach worthwhile compression ratios, compressors consist of multiple "stages", each further compressing the air leaving the previous one. One common problem with early jet engines was the phenomenon of "surging" or compressor stall. Stalls could occur when the approaching airflow was not in-line with the aircraft inlet to the compressor or when the throttle was advanced too quickly. When engines had to be designed with pressure ratios greater t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flight Safety Foundation
The Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) is an independent, nonprofit, international organization concerning research, education, advocacy, and communications in the field of aviation safety. FSF brings together aviation professionals from all sectors to help solve safety problems facing the industry. With a membership that spreads throughout the world, FSF brings an international perspective to aviation issues for its members, the media, and the traveling public. History Since its founding in 1947, the foundation has acted as a non-profit, independent clearinghouse to disseminate safety information, identify threats to safety, and recommend practical solutions. Today, the foundation provides leadership to more than 1200 members in more than 75 countries. AvCIR The Aviation Crash Injury Research (AvCIR) Division became part of FSF in April 1959, being transferred from Cornell University.''Army Aviation Safety - Crash Injury, Crashworthiness'', AvCIR 70-0-128, Flight Safety Foundation, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hull Loss
A hull loss is an aviation accident that catastrophically damages the aircraft beyond economical repair, resulting in a total loss. The term also applies to situations in which the aircraft is missing, the search for their wreckage is terminated or when the wreckage is logistically inaccessible. The metric of "Hull losses per 100,000 flight departures" has been used throughout the aviation industry to measure the relative risk of a given flight or aircraft. From 1959 to 2006, the first part of the mainstream jet aircraft era, 384 of 835 hull losses, or 46%, were nonfatal. Airlines typically have insurance to cover hull loss on a twelve-month basis. Before the September 11 attacks in 2001, the typical insured sum for a hull loss policy could reach $250 million. Constructive hull loss takes into account other incidental expenses beyond repair, such as salvage, logistical costs of repairing non- airworthy aircraft within the confines of the incident site, and recertifying the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Climb (aeronautics)
An Iberia Airbus A321 on the climbout from London Heathrow Airport ">London_Heathrow_Airport.html" ;"title="Airbus A321 on the climbout from London Heathrow Airport">Airbus A321 on the climbout from London Heathrow Airport In aviation, a climb or ascent is the operation of increasing the altitude of an aircraft. It is also the logical phase of a typical flight (the ''climb phase'' or ''climbout'') following [ akeoff and preceding the cruise. During the climb phase there is an increase in altitude to a predetermined level. The opposite of a climb is a '' descent''. Climb operation A steady climb is carried out by using excess thrust, the amount by which the thrust from the power plant exceeds the drag on the aircraft. L. J. Clancy (1975): ''Aerodynamics''. Pitman Publishing Limited, London, The aircraft will climb steadily until the excess thrust falls to zero. Excess thrust might fall to zero as a result of the pilot's deliberate action in control of the output of the engi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deadheading (employee)
Deadheading is the practice of carrying, free of charge, a transport company's own staff on a normal passenger trip so that they can be in the right place to begin their duties. In United States railway usage, the term may also be used for movement of train crews to or from a train using another means of vehicular transportation, as passenger train service is infrequent or nonexistent in many areas. Notable deadheaders * A day prior to the Lion Air Flight 610 crash in October 2018, a deadheading pilot during the 737 (PK-LQP)'s final successful flight reportedly saved the plane from the same malfunctioning flight control system that caused the crash the next day, killing 189 people. He is said to have been in the cockpit jump seat when the malfunction occurred; he identified the problem and advised the active crew on how to address the problem. * One of the four survivors of Japan Airlines Flight 123 in August 1985 was a deadheading flight attendant, Yumi Ochiai. She helped adm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
