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GRHPR
Glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''GRHPR'' gene. This gene encodes an enzyme with hydroxypyruvate reductase, glyoxylate reductase, and D- glycerate dehydrogenase enzymatic activities. The enzyme has widespread tissue expression and has a role in metabolism. Type II hyperoxaluria Hyperoxaluria is an excessive urinary excretion of oxalate. Individuals with hyperoxaluria often have calcium oxalate kidney stones. It is sometimes called Bird's disease, after Golding Bird, who first described the condition. Causes Hyperoxalur ... is caused by mutations in this gene. GRHPR mutation analysis needs to pay attention to primer design, because allele dropout can cause false-positive result. References External links GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 2 Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-9-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glycerate Dehydrogenase
In enzymology, a glycerate dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :(D)-glycerate + NAD+ \rightleftharpoons hydroxypyruvate + NADH + H+ Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (R)-glycerate and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are hydroxypyruvate, NADH, and H+. However, in nature these enzymes have the ability to catalyze the reverse reaction as well. That is, hydroxypyruvate, NADH, and H+ can act as the substrates while (R)-glycerate and NAD+ are formed as products. Additionally, NADPH can take the place of NADH in this reaction. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-glycerate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include D-glycerate dehydrogenase, and hydroxypyruvate reductase (due to the reversibility of the reaction). This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glyoxylate Reductase
Glyoxylate reductase (), first isolated from spinach leaves, is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of glyoxylate to glycolate, using the cofactor NADH or NADPH. The systematic name of this enzyme class is glycolate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include NADH-glyoxylate reductase, glyoxylic acid reductase, and NADH-dependent glyoxylate reductase. Structure The crystal structure of the glyoxylate reductase enzyme from the hyperthermophilic archeon Pyrococcus horiskoshii OT3 has been reported. The enzyme exists in the dimeric form. Each monomer has two domains: a substrate-binding domain where glyoxylate binds, and a nucleotide-binding domain where the NAD(P)H cofactor binds. Mechanism The enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a hydride from NAD(P)H to glyoxylate, causing a reduction of the substrate to glycolate and an oxidation of the cofactor to NAD(P)+. Figure 2 shows the mechanism for this reaction. It is thought that the two residues Glu270 and Hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enzyme
Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyze individual steps. The study of enzymes is called ''enzymology'' and the field of pseudoenzyme analysis recognizes that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudocatalytic' properties. Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Other biocatalysts are catalytic RNA molecules, called ribozymes. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures. Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the react ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity and the molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydroxypyruvate Reductase
In enzymology, a hydroxypyruvate reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :D-glycerate + NAD(P)+ \rightleftharpoons hydroxypyruvate + NAD(P)H + H+ The 3 substrates of this enzyme are D-glycerate, NAD+, and NADP+, whereas its 4 products are hydroxypyruvate, NADH, NADPH, and H+. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-glycerate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include beta-hydroxypyruvate reductase, NADH:hydroxypyruvate reductase, and D-glycerate dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. See also *Oxidoreductases *Enzymes *Enzyme Commission number The Enzyme Commission number (EC number) is a numbering scheme, numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the chemical reactions they catalysis, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
