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Gästrikland Runic Inscription 7
300px, Runestone Gs 7 in Torsåker, Sweden. Gästrikland Runic Inscription 7 or Gs 7 is the Rundata catalog number for a Viking Age memorial runestone located in Torsåker, Gävleborg County, Sweden, which was part of the historic province of Gästrikland. Description This runestone is composed of limestone and is 2.1 meters in height. The runestone is located in the porch of the Torsåker church. The inscription consists of runic text in the younger futhark in a band surrounding a Christian cross. In the inscription, the runes kuþmuntro for the name Guðmundr, which the text says was a man who drowned, are depicted directly below the cross. To the left of the name is a depiction of a woman that is 22 centimeters in height. The composition balances the figure of the woman with the runes þrukn-þi for the word ''druknaði'' ("drowned") on the other side of the name. The inscription is classified as being carved in runestone style RAK, which is the style classification for r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gs 7, Torsåker
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Runestone Style
:''The term "runestone style" in the singular may refer to the Urnes style.'' The style or design of runestones varied during the Viking Age. The early runestones were simple in design, but towards the end of the runestone era they became increasingly complex and made by travelling runemasters such as Öpir and Visäte. A categorization of the styles was developed by Anne-Sophie Gräslund in the 1990s. Her systematization is considered to have been a break-through and is today a standard. The styles are RAK, Fp, Pr1, Pr2, Pr3, Pr4 and Pr5, and they cover the period 980-1130, which was the period during which most runestones were made. The styles Pr1 and Pr2 correspond to the Ringerike style, whereas Pr3, Pr4 and Pr5 belong to what is more widely known as the Urnes style.Sawyer 2000:32 Below follows a brief presentation of the various styles by showing sample runestones according to Rundata's annotation. RAK RAK is the oldest style and covers the period 980-1015 AD, but the Ru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raido
*Raidō "ride, journey" is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the ''r''- rune of the Elder Futhark . The name is attested for the same rune in all three rune poems, Old Norwegian Ræið Icelandic Reið, Anglo-Saxon Rad, as well as for the corresponding letter of the Gothic alphabet The Gothic alphabet is an alphabet used for writing the Gothic language. Ulfilas (or Wulfila) developed it in the 4th century AD for the purpose of translating the Bible. The alphabet essentially uses uncial forms of the Greek alphabet, wit ... 𐍂 ''r'', called raida. The shape of the rune may be directly derived from Latin '' R''. References * External linksFuthark(ancientscripts.com)Runes around the North Sea and on the Continent AD 150-700by J. H. Looijenga (dissertation, Groningen University) Runes {{writingsystem-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ur (rune)
The reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the Elder Futhark ''u'' rune is *Ūruz meaning " wild ox"Page, R.I. (2005). ''Runes'', page 15. The British Museum Press or *Ūrą "water". It may have been derived from the Raetic alphabet character ''u'' as it is similar in both shape and sound value. The name of the corresponding letter in the Gothic alphabet is ''urus''. Name The Icelandic word for "rain" and the Old English for "aurochs" go back to two different Proto-Germanic words, ''*ūruz'' and ''*ūrą'' (although possibly from the same root). The Norwegian meaning "dross, slag" is more obscure, but may be an Iron Age technical term derived from the word for water (cf. the Kalevala, where iron is compared to milk). Because of this, it is difficult to reconstruct a Proto-Germanic name for the Elder Futhark rune. It may have been *ūruz "aurochs" (see also Bull worship), or *ūrą "water". The aurochs is preferred by authors of modern runic divination systems, but both seem po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tiwaz Rune
The ''t''-rune is named after Týr, and was identified with this god. The reconstructed Proto-Germanic name is *Tîwaz or *Teiwaz. Tiwaz rune was an ideographic symbol for a spear. Rune poems Tiwaz is mentioned in all three rune poems. In the Icelandic and Norwegian poems, the rune is associated with the god Týr. Usage Ancient Multiple Tiwaz runes Multiple Tiwaz runes either stacked atop one another to resemble a tree-like shape, or repeated after one another, appear several times in Germanic paganism: ::* The charm ('' alu'') on the Lindholm amulet, dated from the 2nd to the 4th century, contains three consecutive ''t'' runes, which have been interpreted as an invocation of Týr. ::* The Kylver Stone (400 AD, Gotland) features 8 stacked Tiwaz runes at the end of an Elder Futhark inscription. ::* From 500 AD, a Scandinavian C-bracteate (Seeland-II-C) features an Elder Futhark inscription ending with three stacked Tiwaz runes. Poetic Edda According to the runologist Lars M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bind Rune
A bind rune or bindrune ( is, bandrún) is a Migration Period Germanic typographic ligature, ligature of two or more Runic alphabet, runes. They are extremely rare in Viking Age inscriptions, but are common in earlier (Proto-Norse) and later (medieval) inscriptions.Enoksen, Lars Magnar (1998). ''Runor: historia, tydning, tolkning'', p. 84. Historiska Media, Falun. On some runestones, bind runes may have been ornamental and used to highlight the name of the carver. Description There are two types of bind runes. Normal bind runes are formed of two (or rarely three) adjacent runes which are joined together to form a single conjoined glyph, usually sharing a common vertical stroke (see ''Hadda'' example below). Another type of bind rune called a same-stave rune, which is common in Scandinavian runic inscriptions but does not occur at all in Anglo-Saxon runes, Anglo-Saxon runic inscriptions, is formed by several runic letters written sequentially along a long common stemline (see '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Åsmund Kåresson
Åsmund Kåresson was a Viking Age runemaster who flourished during the first half of the 11th century in Uppland and Gästrikland, Sweden. The early Urnes style is represented in his art. pp. 197, 208–09. Work Most early medieval Scandinavians were probably literate in runes, and most people probably carved messages on pieces of bone and wood.Vilka kunde rista runor?' on the Swedish National Heritage Board website, retrieved January 13, 2007. However, it was difficult to make runestones, and in order to master it one also needed to be a stonemason. During the 11th century, when most runestones were raised, there were a few professional runemasters. Åsmund was active mainly in Uppland, and about twenty runestones are signed by him and an additional thirty stones have been attributed to him. The ornamentation is characterized by variation with firmness and security in the composition. Åsmund is the inventor of the classic Uppland runestone style with one or two animals (''rundjur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Runemaster
A runemaster or runecarver is a specialist in making runestones. Description More than 100 names of runemasters are known from Viking Age Sweden with most of them from 11th-century eastern Svealand.The article ''Runristare'' in ''Nationalencyklopedin'' (1995). Many anonymous runestones have more or less securely been attributed to these runemasters. During the 11th century, when most runestones were raised, there were a few professional runemasters. They and their apprentices were contracted to make runestones and when the work was finished, they sometimes signed the stone with the name of the runemaster. Many of the uncovered runic inscriptions have likely been completed by non-professional runecarvers for the practical purposes of burial rites or record-keeping. Due to the depictions of daily life, many of the nonprofessional runecarvers could have been anything from pirates to soldiers, merchants, or farmers. The layout of Scandinavian towns provided centers where craftspeople ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rundata
The Scandinavian Runic-text Data Base ( sv, Samnordisk runtextdatabas) is a project involving the creation and maintenance of a database of runic inscriptions. The project's goal is to comprehensively catalog runestones in a machine-readable way for future research. The database is freely available via the Internet with a client program, called Rundata, for Microsoft Windows. For other operating systems, text files are provided or a web browser can be used to interact with the web applicatioRunor History The origin of the Rundata project was a 1986 database of Swedish inscriptions at Uppsala University for use in the Scandinavian Languages Department. At a seminar in 1990 it was proposed to expand the database to cover all Nordic runic inscriptions, but funding for the project was not available until a grant was received in 1992 from the ''Axel och Margaret Ax:son Johnsons'' foundation. The project officially started on January 1, 1993 at Uppsala University. After 1997, the proje ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Younger Futhark
The Younger Futhark, also called Scandinavian runes, is a runic alphabet and a reduced form of the Elder Futhark, with only 16 characters, in use from about the 9th century, after a "transitional period" during the 7th and 8th centuries. The reduction, somewhat paradoxically, happened at the same time as phonetic changes that led to a greater number of different phonemes in the spoken language, when Proto-Norse evolved into Old Norse. Also, the writing custom avoided carving the same rune consecutively for the same sound, so the spoken distinction between vowel length, long and short vowels was lost in writing. Thus, the language included distinct sounds and minimal pairs that were written the same. The Younger Futhark is divided into long-branch (Danish) and short-twig (Swedish and Norwegian) runes; in the 10th century, it was further expanded by the "Hälsinge Runes" or staveless runes. The lifetime of the Younger Futhark corresponds roughly to the Viking Age. Their use decl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
