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Gyalectales Genera
''Gyalectales'' is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 5 families, 18 genera and about 550 species. Taxonomy The Gyalectales were introduced in a 1974 publication by Aino Henssen and Martin Jahns, but not formally published until 1986 by David Hawksworth and Ove Eriksson. Phylogeny An early (2002) phylogenetics study showed that the order Ostropales, as was then circumscribed, was paraphyletic, and proposed that the Ostropales sensu lato included the Gyalectales and Trapeliaceae. Although they had traditionally been considered to be only distantly related, molecular studies suggested a much closer phylogenetic relationship. As a result, of the molecular data, Kauff and Lutzoni subsumed the Gyalectales into the Ostropales, as the latter name was published earlier (1932 vs. 1986). In 2018, Kraichak and colleagues used a recently developed "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks. Based on this ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apothecia
An ascocarp, or ascoma (: ascomata), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascocarps are most commonly bowl-shaped (apothecia) but may take on a spherical or flask-like form that has a pore opening to release spores (perithecia) or no opening (cleistothecia). Classification The ascocarp is classified according to its placement (in ways not fundamental to the basic taxonomy). It is called ''epigeous'' if it grows above ground, as with the morels, while underground ascocarps, such as truffles, are termed ''hypogeous''. The structure enclosing the hymenium is divided into the types described below (apothecium, cleistothecium, etc.) and this character ''is'' important for the taxonomic classification of the fungus. Apothecia can be relatively large and fleshy, whereas the others are microscopic—about the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circumscription (taxonomy)
In biological taxonomy, circumscription is the content of a taxon, that is, the delimitation of which subordinate taxa are parts of that taxon. For example, if we determine that species X, Y, and Z belong in genus A, and species T, U, V, and W belong in genus B, those are our circumscriptions of those two genera. Another systematist might determine that T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z all belong in genus A. Agreement on circumscriptions is not governed by the Codes of Zoological or Botanical Nomenclature, and must be reached by scientific consensus. A goal of biological taxonomy is to achieve a stable circumscription for every taxon. This goal conflicts, at times, with the goal of achieving a natural classification that reflects the evolutionary history of divergence of groups of organisms. Balancing these two goals is a work in progress, and the circumscriptions of many taxa that had been regarded as stable for decades are in upheaval in the light of rapid developments in molecu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gyalecta
''Gyalecta'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Gyalectaceae that contains 50 species. ''Gyalecta'' was circumscribed by lichenologist Erik Acharius in 1808. It forms associations with Trentepohlia algae. Selected species , Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 41 species of ''Gyalecta''. *'' Gyalecta amsterdamensis'' *'' Gyalecta ancistrospora'' *'' Gyalecta arbuti'' *'' Gyalecta azorellae'' *'' Gyalecta bicellulata'' *'' Gyalecta biformis'' *'' Gyalecta calcicola'' *'' Gyalecta caudata'' *'' Gyalecta caudiospora'' *'' Gyalecta coralloidea'' *'' Gyalecta derivata'' *'' Gyalecta flotovii'' *'' Gyalecta foveolaris'' *'' Gyalecta geoica'' *'' Gyalecta gyalizella'' *'' Gyalecta herculina'' *'' Gyalecta himalayensis'' *'' Gyalecta hokkaidica'' *'' Gyalecta incarnata'' *'' Gyalecta jenensis'' *'' Gyalecta kibiensis'' *'' Gyalecta lumbrispora'' *'' Gyalecta lyngei'' *'' Gyalecta mediterranea'' *'' Gyalecta nidarosiensis'' *'' Gyalec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptolechia (fungus)
''Gyalecta'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Gyalectaceae that contains 50 species. ''Gyalecta'' was circumscribed by lichenologist Erik Acharius in 1808. It forms associations with Trentepohlia algae. Selected species , Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 41 species of ''Gyalecta''. *'' Gyalecta amsterdamensis'' *'' Gyalecta ancistrospora'' *'' Gyalecta arbuti'' *'' Gyalecta azorellae'' *'' Gyalecta bicellulata'' *'' Gyalecta biformis'' *'' Gyalecta calcicola'' *'' Gyalecta caudata'' *'' Gyalecta caudiospora'' *'' Gyalecta coralloidea'' *'' Gyalecta derivata'' *'' Gyalecta flotovii'' *'' Gyalecta foveolaris'' *'' Gyalecta geoica'' *'' Gyalecta gyalizella'' *'' Gyalecta herculina'' *'' Gyalecta himalayensis'' *'' Gyalecta hokkaidica'' *'' Gyalecta incarnata'' *'' Gyalecta jenensis'' *'' Gyalecta kibiensis'' *'' Gyalecta lumbrispora'' *'' Gyalecta lyngei'' *'' Gyalecta mediterranea'' *'' Gyalecta nidarosiensis'' *'' Gyalec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coenogonium
''Coenogonium'' is a genus of filamentous lichens in the monotypic family Coenogoniaceae. It has about 90 species. Most species are leaf-dwelling or grow on bark, although a few are known to grow on rocks under certain conditions, and some are restricted to growth on termite nests. The genus was circumscribed in 1820 by German naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg. ''Coenogonium'' has a worldwide distribution, with most species known from tropical areas. Most species grow in tropical rainforests in the shaded understorey. They typically grow on tree trunks, branches, lianas, and leaves. Description Although members of ''Coenogonium'' are relatively easy to identify given its unique characteristics, identifying to species is more difficult due to the slight differences between them. The genus is characterized by (rarely ), yellow to orange or brown apothecia with a excipulum, partially amyloid hymenium (I+ blue then quickly sordid green then red-brown), thin-walled uni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudosagedia Aenea (Schors-olievlekje), Coepelduyn, Katwijk, NL 03
''Pseudosagedia aenea'' is a widespread species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Porinaceae. Taxonomy ''Pseudosagedia aenea'' was first described as ''Verrucaria aenea'' by Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1855. It has been shuffled to several different genera in its taxonomic history, including '' Porina'', ''Pyrenula'', ''Sagedia'', and '' Trichothelium''. In 1995, the lichenologists Josef Hafellner and Klaus Kalb transferred it to the genus '' Pseudosagedia'', establishing its current name ''Pseudosagedia aenea''. The species epithet ''aenea'' comes from Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ... and refers to the bronze-like appearance of the lichen. The genus ''Pseudosagedia'' is characterised by dark purplish pigments (called ''Pseudosag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxonomic Authority
In biology, taxonomy () is the scientific study of naming, defining ( circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon), and these groups are given a taxonomic rank; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a more inclusive group of higher rank, thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy. The principal ranks in modern use are domain, kingdom, phylum (''division'' is sometimes used in botany in place of ''phylum''), class, order, family, genus, and species. The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the founder of the current system of taxonomy, having developed a ranked system known as Linnaean taxonomy for categorizing organisms. With advances in the theory, data and analytical technology of biological systematics, the Linnaean system has transformed into a system of modern biological classification intended to reflect the evolutionary relationships among organisms, both li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crown Group
In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor. It is thus a way of defining a clade, a group consisting of a species and all its extant or extinct descendants. For example, Neornithes (birds) can be defined as a crown group, which includes the most recent common ancestor of all modern birds, and all of its extant or extinct descendants. The concept was developed by Willi Hennig, the formulator of phylogenetic systematics, as a way of classifying living organisms relative to their extinct relatives in his "Die Stammesgeschichte der Insekten", and the "crown" and "stem" group terminology was coined by R. P. S. Jefferies in 1979. Though formulated in the 1970s, the term was not commonly used until its reintroduction in 2000 by Graham Budd and Sören Jensen. Contents of the crow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade
In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach to taxonomy adopted by most biological fields. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or Extant taxon, extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed ''monophyletic'' (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming Taxon, taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not Monophyly, monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms that the molecul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MYA (unit)
Mya or MYA may refer to: Brands and product names * Mya (TV channel), an Italian Television channel * Mya (program), an intelligent personal assistant created by Motorola * Midwest Young Artists, a comprehensive youth music program Codes * Burmese language (ISO 639-3: ) * Moruya Airport (IATA code: MYA), New South Wales, Australia * The IOC, license plate, and UNDP country code for Myanmar Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has ... People * Mya (given name) * Mya (singer) (Mya Marie Harrison, born 1979), American R&B singer-songwriter and actress * Bo Mya (1927–2006), Myanmar rebel leader and chief commander of the Karen National Union Other uses * ''Mýa'' (album), a 1998 album by Mýa * ''Mya'' (bivalve), a genus of soft-shell clams * Million years a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetics, phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
