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Gutenberg–Richter Law
In seismology, the Gutenberg–Richter law (GR law) expresses the relationship between the magnitude and total number of earthquakes in any given region and time period of ''at least'' that magnitude. : \!\,\log_ N = a - b M or : \!\,N = 10^ where * \!\, N is the number of events having a magnitude \!\, \ge M , * \!\, a and \!\, b are constants, i.e. they are the same for all values of ''N'' and ''M''. Since magnitude is logarithmic, this is an instance of the Pareto distribution. The Gutenberg–Richter law is also widely used for acoustic emission analysis due to a close resemblance of acoustic emission phenomenon to seismogenesis. Background The relationship between earthquake magnitude and frequency was first proposed by Charles Francis Richter and Beno Gutenberg in a 1944 paper studying earthquakes in California, and generalised in a worldwide study in 1949. This relationship between event magnitude and frequency of occurrence is remarkably common, although the v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GR Law B=1
GR may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Film and television * ''Golmaal Returns'', a 2008 Bollywood film * ''Generator Rex'', an animated TV series * Guilty Remnant, a cult-like organization portrayed in '' The Leftovers'', an HBO television series Gaming * Game Revolution, a video game review web site * ''GeneRally'', a racing game * GamesRadar, a website owned by Future Publishing * '' Ghost Recon'', a video game series * * ''Ghost Reveries'', a 2005 album by Opeth Companies, groups, and organizations * Aurigny Air Services (IATA airline designator) * Gemini Air Cargo (IATA airline designator) * Globalise Resistance, a UK anti-capitalist group * Gonnema Regiment, an infantry regiment of the South African Army * Goodrich Corporation, an aerospace manufacturer in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States * Greetings & Readings, an independent bookseller * Toyota Gazoo Racing, Toyota's racing division Places * Garden Reach, a neighbourhood of Indian city Kolkata * Giu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Earthquake Swarm
In seismology, an earthquake swarm is a sequence of seismic events occurring in a local area within a relatively short period. The time span used to define a swarm varies, but may be days, months, or years. Such an energy release is different from the situation when a major earthquake (main shock) is followed by a series of aftershocks: in earthquake swarms, no single earthquake in the sequence is obviously the main shock. In particular, a cluster of aftershocks occurring after a mainshock ''is not'' a swarm. History and generalities In the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge), which form the border between the Czech Republic and Germany, western Bohemia and the Vogtland region, have been known since the 16th century as prone to frequent earthquake swarms, which typically last a few weeks to a few months. Austrian geologist Josef Knett, while studying in 1899 a swarm of about a hundred events felt in western Bohemia/Vogtland in January-February 1824, coined the noun ''Schwarmbeben'', ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seismology
Seismology (; from Ancient Greek σεισμός (''seismós'') meaning "earthquake" and -λογία (''-logía'') meaning "study of") is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies. It also includes studies of earthquake environmental effects such as tsunamis as well as diverse seismic sources such as volcanic, tectonic, glacial, fluvial, oceanic, atmospheric, and artificial processes such as explosions. A related field that uses geology to infer information regarding past earthquakes is paleoseismology. A recording of Earth motion as a function of time is called a seismogram. A seismologist is a scientist who does research in seismology. History Scholarly interest in earthquakes can be traced back to antiquity. Early speculations on the natural causes of earthquakes were included in the writings of Thales of Miletus (c. 585 BCE), Anaximenes of Miletus (c. 550 BCE), Aristotle (c. 340 BCE), and Zha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bikas K Chakrabarti
Bikas Kanta Chakrabarti (born 14 December 1952 in Kolkata (erstwhile Calcutta) is an Indian physicist. Since January 2018, he is emeritus professor of physics at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India. Biography Chakrabarti received his Ph.D. degree from Calcutta University in 1979. Following post-doctoral work at the University of Oxford and the University of Cologne, he joined the faculty of Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP) in 1983. He is S. S. Bhatnagar Prize awardee (1997) and J. C. Bose National Fellow (2011-2020). He is a former director of SINP. At present he is INSA Senior Scientist and Emeritus Professor at SINP, and also Honorary Visiting Professor of economics at the Indian Statistical Institute. He was Honorary Emeritus Professor (2018-2021) at S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences. Much of Chakrabarti's research has centered around statistical physics & condensed matter physics (including Quantum computing & Quantum annealing; se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Self Similarity
__NOTOC__ In mathematics, a self-similar object is exactly or approximately similar to a part of itself (i.e., the whole has the same shape as one or more of the parts). Many objects in the real world, such as coastlines, are statistically self-similar: parts of them show the same statistical properties at many scales. Self-similarity is a typical property of fractals. Scale invariance is an exact form of self-similarity where at any magnification there is a smaller piece of the object that is similar to the whole. For instance, a side of the Koch snowflake is both symmetrical and scale-invariant; it can be continually magnified 3x without changing shape. The non-trivial similarity evident in fractals is distinguished by their fine structure, or detail on arbitrarily small scales. As a counterexample, whereas any portion of a straight line may resemble the whole, further detail is not revealed. A time developing phenomenon is said to exhibit self-similarity if the numerical v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Self-organized Criticality
Self-organized criticality (SOC) is a property of dynamical systems that have a critical point as an attractor. Their macroscopic behavior thus displays the spatial or temporal scale-invariance characteristic of the critical point of a phase transition, but without the need to tune control parameters to a precise value, because the system, effectively, tunes itself as it evolves towards criticality. The concept was put forward by Per Bak, Chao Tang and Kurt Wiesenfeld ("BTW") in a paper Papercore summaryhttp://papercore.org/Bak1987 published in 1987 in ''Physical Review Letters'', and is considered to be one of the mechanisms by which complexity arises in nature. Its concepts have been applied across fields as diverse as geophysics, physical cosmology, evolutionary biology and ecology, bio-inspired computing and optimization (mathematics), economics, quantum gravity, sociology, solar physics, plasma physics, neurobiology and others. SOC is typically observed in slowly dri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2016 Central Italy Earthquake (magnitude)
Sixteen or 16 may refer to: *16 (number), the natural number following 15 and preceding 17 *one of the years 16 BC, AD 16, 1916, 2016 Films * ''Pathinaaru'' or ''Sixteen'', a 2010 Tamil film * ''Sixteen'' (1943 film), a 1943 Argentine film directed by Carlos Hugo Christensen * ''Sixteen'' (2013 Indian film), a 2013 Hindi film * ''Sixteen'' (2013 British film), a 2013 British film by director Rob Brown Music *The Sixteen, an English choir *16 (band), a sludge metal band *Sixteen (Polish band), a Polish band Albums * ''16'' (Robin album), a 2014 album by Robin * 16 (Madhouse album), a 1987 album by Madhouse * ''Sixteen'' (album), a 1983 album by Stacy Lattisaw *''Sixteen'' , a 2005 album by Shook Ones * ''16'', a 2020 album by Wejdene Songs * "16" (Sneaky Sound System song), 2009 * "Sixteen" (Thomas Rhett song), 2017 * "Sixteen" (Ellie Goulding song), 2019 *"16", by Craig David from ''Following My Intuition'', 2016 *"16", by Green Day from ''39/Smooth'', 1990 *"16", by High ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GR Law Roll-off
GR may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Film and television * ''Golmaal Returns'', a 2008 Bollywood film * ''Generator Rex'', an animated TV series * Guilty Remnant, a cult-like organization portrayed in '' The Leftovers'', an HBO television series Gaming * Game Revolution, a video game review web site * ''GeneRally'', a racing game * GamesRadar, a website owned by Future Publishing * ''Ghost Recon'', a video game series * * ''Ghost Reveries'', a 2005 album by Opeth Companies, groups, and organizations * Aurigny Air Services (IATA airline designator) * Gemini Air Cargo (IATA airline designator) * Globalise Resistance, a UK anti-capitalist group * Gonnema Regiment, an infantry regiment of the South African Army * Goodrich Corporation, an aerospace manufacturer in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States * Greetings & Readings, an independent bookseller * Toyota Gazoo Racing, Toyota's racing division Places * Garden Reach, a neighbourhood of Indian city Kolkata * Giurgiu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GR Law Various B Values
GR may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Film and television * ''Golmaal Returns'', a 2008 Bollywood film * ''Generator Rex'', an animated TV series * Guilty Remnant, a cult-like organization portrayed in '' The Leftovers'', an HBO television series Gaming * Game Revolution, a video game review web site * ''GeneRally'', a racing game * GamesRadar, a website owned by Future Publishing * ''Ghost Recon'', a video game series * * ''Ghost Reveries'', a 2005 album by Opeth Companies, groups, and organizations * Aurigny Air Services (IATA airline designator) * Gemini Air Cargo (IATA airline designator) * Globalise Resistance, a UK anti-capitalist group * Gonnema Regiment, an infantry regiment of the South African Army * Goodrich Corporation, an aerospace manufacturer in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States * Greetings & Readings, an independent bookseller * Toyota Gazoo Racing, Toyota's racing division Places * Garden Reach, a neighbourhood of Indian city Kolkata * Giurgiu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seismology
Seismology (; from Ancient Greek σεισμός (''seismós'') meaning "earthquake" and -λογία (''-logía'') meaning "study of") is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies. It also includes studies of earthquake environmental effects such as tsunamis as well as diverse seismic sources such as volcanic, tectonic, glacial, fluvial, oceanic, atmospheric, and artificial processes such as explosions. A related field that uses geology to infer information regarding past earthquakes is paleoseismology. A recording of Earth motion as a function of time is called a seismogram. A seismologist is a scientist who does research in seismology. History Scholarly interest in earthquakes can be traced back to antiquity. Early speculations on the natural causes of earthquakes were included in the writings of Thales of Miletus (c. 585 BCE), Anaximenes of Miletus (c. 550 BCE), Aristotle (c. 340 BCE), and Zha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beno Gutenberg
Beno Gutenberg (; June 4, 1889 – January 25, 1960) was a German-American seismologist who made several important contributions to the science. He was a colleague and mentor of Charles Francis Richter at the California Institute of Technology and Richter's collaborator in developing the Richter magnitude scale for measuring an earthquake's magnitude. Early life, family and education Gutenberg was born in Darmstadt, Germany. His father owned a factory. He obtained his doctorate in physics from the University of Göttingen in 1911. His advisor was Emil Wiechert. Career During World War I, Gutenberg served in the German Army as a meteorologist in support of gas warfare operations. Gutenberg held positions at the University of Strasbourg, which he lost when Strasbourg became French in 1918. After some years during which he had to sustain himself with managing his father's soap factory, he obtained in 1926 a junior professorship at University of Frankfurt-am-Main, which was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles Francis Richter
Charles Francis Richter (; April 26, 1900 – September 30, 1985) was an American seismologist and physicist. Richter is most famous as the creator of the Richter magnitude scale, which, until the development of the moment magnitude scale in 1979, quantified the size of earthquakes. Inspired by Kiyoo Wadati's 1928 paper on shallow and deep earthquakes, Richter first used the scale in 1935 after developing it in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg; both worked at the California Institute of Technology. The quote " logarithmic plots are a device of the devil" is attributed to Richter. Childhood and education Richter was born in Overpeck, Ohio. Richter had German heritage: his great-grandfather was a Forty-Eighter, coming from Baden-Baden (today in Baden-Württemberg, Germany) in 1848 in the wake of the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. Richter's parents Frederick William and Lillian Anna (Kinsinger) Richter, were divorced when he was very young. He grew up with his materna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
