Groma 01
Groma may refer to: * Groma language, spoken in Southeast Asia * Groma (surveying), the principal Roman surveying instrument * Groma Büromaschinen, an East German manufacturer of typewriters * The Bosnian word for "thunder" See also *Krama A krama (; km, ក្រមា ) is a sturdy traditional Cambodian garment with many uses, including as a scarf, bandanna, to cover the face, for decorative purposes, and as a hammock for children. It may also be used as a form of weaponry. Bo ...

Groma Language
Groma, also known as Tromowa and J'umowa, is a language spoken primarily in the lower Chumbi Valley in Tibet, with some speakers in Sikkim in India. It belongs to the southern group of Tibetan languages. Its speakers identify as Tibetans The Tibetan people (; ) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Tibet. Their current population is estimated to be around 6.7 million. In addition to the majority living in Tibet Autonomous Region of China, significant numbers of Tibetans liv .... References Further reading * Languages of Bhutan Languages of China Languages of India South Bodish languages {{st-lang-stub ...
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Groma (surveying)
The ''groma'' or ''gruma'' was a Roman Empire, Roman List of surveying instruments, surveying instrument. It comprised a vertical staff with horizontal cross-pieces mounted at right angles on a bracket. Each cross piece had a plumb line hanging vertically at each end. It was used to survey straight lines and right angles, thence squares or rectangles. They were stabilized on the high ground, and pointed in the direction it was going to be used. The helper would step back 100 steps and place a pole. The surveyor would tell him where to move the pole and the helper would set it down. The same name was given to: * the center of any new Castra, military camp, i.e. the point from which was traced the regular grid by using the ''groma'' instrument * the center of a new town, from which the gromatici (surveyors) began to lay out cardo and Decumanus Maximus, decumanus grid, with a plough and a pair of oxen The groma surveying instrument may have originated in Mesopotamia or Greece before ...
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Groma Büromaschinen
Groma Büromaschinen (founded 1872 as Maschinenfabrik G. F. Grosser) was a German manufacturer of typewriters. "Groma" was portmanteau from Grosser and Markersdorf, a neighborhood of Chemnitz. Groma is best known today for the Kolibri, an ultra-flat portable typewriter, but it also made mid-sized and large typewriters. After World War II, it was a Volkseigener Betrieb The Publicly Owned Enterprise (german: Volkseigener Betrieb; abbreviated VEB) was the main legal form of industrial enterprise in East Germany. They were all publicly owned and were formed after Nationalisation#Germany, mass nationalisation between .... The last remains of the machine plant were demolished in 2009. References Volkseigene Betriebe Typewriters Manufacturing companies established in 1872 Companies based in Chemnitz {{Germany-company-stub ...
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East Germany
East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; german: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, , DDR, ), was a country that existed from its creation on 7 October 1949 until its dissolution on 3 October 1990. In these years the state was a part of the Eastern Bloc in the Cold War. Commonly described as a communist state, it described itself as a socialist "workers' and peasants' state".Patrick Major, Jonathan Osmond, ''The Workers' and Peasants' State: Communism and Society in East Germany Under Ulbricht 1945–71'', Manchester University Press, 2002, Its territory was administered and occupied by Soviet forces following the end of World War II—the Soviet occupation zone of the Potsdam Agreement, bounded on the east by the Oder–Neisse line. The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin but did not include it and West Berlin remained outside the jurisdiction of the GDR. Most scholars and academics describe the GDR as a totalitarian dictatorship. The GDR was establish ...
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Typewriters
A typewriter is a mechanical or electromechanical machine for typing characters. Typically, a typewriter has an array of keys, and each one causes a different single character to be produced on paper by striking an inked ribbon selectively against the paper with a type element. At the end of the nineteenth century, the term 'typewriter' was also applied to a ''person'' who used such a device. The first commercial typewriters were introduced in 1874, but did not become common in offices until after the mid-1880s. The typewriter quickly became an indispensable tool for practically all writing other than personal handwritten correspondence. It was widely used by professional writers, in offices, business correspondence in private homes, and by students preparing written assignments. Typewriters were a standard fixture in most offices up to the 1980s. Thereafter, they began to be largely supplanted by personal computers running word processing software. Nevertheless, typewr ...
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Thunder
Thunder is the sound caused by lightning. Depending upon the distance from and nature of the lightning, it can range from a long, low rumble to a sudden, loud crack. The sudden increase in temperature and hence pressure caused by the lightning produces rapid expansion of the air in the path of a lightning bolt. In turn, this expansion of air creates a sonic shock wave, often referred to as a "thunderclap" or "peal of thunder". The scientific study of thunder is known as ''brontology'' and the irrational fear (phobia) of thunder is called ''brontophobia''. Etymology The ''d'' in Modern English ''thunder'' (from earlier Old English ''þunor'') is epenthetic, and is now found as well in Modern Dutch ''donder'' (cf. Middle Dutch ''donre''; also Old Norse ''þorr'', Old Frisian ''þuner'', Old High German ''donar'', all ultimately descended from Proto-Germanic *''þunraz''). In Latin the term was ''tonare'' "to thunder". The name of the Nordic god Thor comes from the Old Norse ...
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