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Grand Assize
The Grand Assize (or Assize of Windsor) was a legal instrument set up in 1179 by King Henry II of England, to allow tenants to transfer disputes over land from feudal courts to the royal court. Origins Given the capacity of feudal justice for delays ( essoin)s, and the arbitrariness of its methods of judgement (duel, ordeal), 12th C England had ample room for an alternative method of settling property disputes; and Henry II – acclaimed by Walter Map as one "clever in devising new and undiscovered legal procedure" – saw in the Grand Assize a means of preserving social order, avoiding the violence of self-help in the countryside, and at the same time of increasing royal revenue at the same time through the judicial system. ' Glanville' in his legal treatise termed the Grand Assize a "royal benefit...by this means men may escape the severe punishment of an unexpected and premature death.... For whilst the duel proceeds on the evidence of one juror, this assize requires the oaths o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
King Henry II Of England
Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (french: link=no, Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress, or Henry Plantagenet, was King of England from 1154 until his death in 1189, and as such, was the first Angevin king of England. King Louis VII of France made him Duke of Normandy in 1150. Henry became Count of Anjou and Maine upon the death of his father, Count Geoffrey V, in 1151. His marriage in 1152 to Eleanor of Aquitaine, former spouse of Louis VII, made him Duke of Aquitaine. He became Count of Nantes by treaty in 1158. Before he was 40, he controlled England; large parts of Wales; the eastern half of Ireland; and the western half of France, an area that was later called the Angevin Empire. At various times, Henry also partially controlled Scotland and the Duchy of Brittany. Henry became politically involved by the age of 14 in the efforts of his mother Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, to claim the English throne, then occupied by S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Essoin
In old English law, an essoin (, , Old French ''essoignier'', "to excuse") is an excuse for nonappearance in court. Essoining is the seeking of the same. The person sent to deliver the excuse to the court is an essoiner or essoineur. There were several kinds of essoins in common law In law, common law (also known as judicial precedent, judge-made law, or case law) is the body of law created by judges and similar quasi-judicial tribunals by virtue of being stated in written opinions."The common law is not a brooding omnipres ... in the Middle Ages: * An essoin de malo lecti, the "excuse of the bed of sickness", was an excuse that the person was too ill to get out of bed, and was generally only invoked in civil actions involving real property. This required that the invoker be observed in bed by a commission of four knights. * An essoin de ultra mare, the "excuse of being overseas" (literally "beyond the sea"), was an excuse that the person was abroad. The only resultant dela ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Walter Map
Walter Map ( la, Gualterius Mappus; 1130 – 1210) was a medieval writer. He wrote '' De nugis curialium'', which takes the form of a series of anecdotes of people and places, offering insights on the history of his time. Map was a courtier of King Henry II of England, who sent him on missions to Louis VII of France and to Pope Alexander III. He became the archdeacon of Oxford in 1196. Life Map claimed Welsh origin and to be a man of the Welsh Marches (''marchio sum Walensibus''); He was probably born in southwestern Herefordshire.Macpherson, Ewan. "Walter Map." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 16 July 2021 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ranulf De Glanville
Ranulf is a masculine given name in the English language. It is derived from the Old Norse name ''Reginúlfr''. This Old Norse personal name is composed of two elements: the first, ''regin'', means "advice", "decision" (and also "the gods"); the second element, ''úlfr'', means "wolf". ''Reginúlfr'' was introduced into Scotland and northern England, by Scandinavian settlers, in the Early Middle Ages. People with the name * Ranulf de Vains, Ranulf the Moneyer, Norman born around circa 1015, appears around 1035 in Domesday * Ranulf I de Soules, Norman knight who came to Scotland with David I * Ranulf I of Aquitaine * Ranulf II of Aquitaine * Ranulf II, Count of Alife * Rainulf Trincanocte, third count of Aversa * Ranulf de Broc (died c. 1179), royal marshall * Ranulf Compton, United States Representative from Connecticut * Rainulf Drengot, Norman adventurer and the first count of Aversa * Ranulf Flambard, Bishop of Durham * Ranulph de Gernon, 2nd Earl of Chester * Ranulf de G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Assize Of Novel Disseisin
In English law, the assize of novel disseisin ("recent dispossession"; ) was an action to recover lands of which the plaintiff had been disseised, or dispossessed. It was one of the so-called "petty (possessory) assizes" established by Henry II in the wake of the Assize of Clarendon of 1166; and like the other two was only abolished in 1833. Origin Facing the disorder of self-help over the possession of land in the wake of the reign of King Stephen, Henry II in his nationwide assizes of Clarendon and Northampton had his justices "cause an inquisition to be made concerning dispossessions carried out contrary to the assize". Drawing on the sophisticated models offered by canon law, the king subsequently created the private (and purchasable) writ of novel disseisin, which enabled individuals to take disputed possession cases to the royal courts. The action became extremely popular due to its speed (avoiding the delays or essoins of feudal justice), accessibility, and expediency. Ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Assize Of Clarendon
The Assize of Clarendon was an act of Henry II of England in 1166 that began a transformation of English law and led to trial by jury in common law countries worldwide, and that established assize courts. Prior systems for deciding the winning party in a case, especially felonies, included trial by ordeal, trial by battle, or trial by compurgation (trial by oath), in which evidence, inspection, and inquiry was made under oath by laymen, knights or ordinary freemen. After the Assize of Clarendon trial by jury developed, though some historians say beginnings of the jury system predate this act. The Assize of Clarendon did not lead to this change immediately; recourse to trial by combat was not officially rescinded until 1819, though by then it had fallen out of use. The assize takes its name from Clarendon Palace, Wiltshire, the royal hunting lodge at which it was promulgated. Problems addressed by the assize In 1154, Henry II inherited the throne of a troubled England. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Assize Of Mort D'ancestor
In English law, the assize of mort d'ancestor ("death of ancestor") was an action brought where a plaintiff claimed the defendant had entered upon a Fee simple, freehold belonging to the plaintiff following the death of one of his relatives. The questions submitted to the jury were, "was A seisin, seised in his demesne as of fee on the day whereon he died?" and "Is the plaintiff his next heir?" This assize enabled the heir to obtain possession, even though some other person might have a better right to the land than the deceased. Origins, development and end Mort d'ancestor was one of the so-called "petty assizes" established by Henry II of England, Henry II in the wake of the Assize of Clarendon (1166) and the Assize of Northampton (1176). According to the Assize of Northampton, the lord must not prevent the heir having seisin forthwith on the ancestor's death, making this almost the final step in the development of common law heritability: "4. Item, if any freeholder had died, let ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Trial By Jury In England
The history of trial by jury in England is influential because many English and later British colonies adopted the English common law system in which trial by jury plays an important part. History A precursor to the jury trial was the Lafif in the Maliki School of classical Islamic law and jurisprudence, which was developed between the VIII and XI centuries in the medieval Islamic world, specifically in North Africa, Islamic Spain and Emirate of Sicily, and shares a number of similarities with the later jury trials in English common law. Like the English jury, the Islamic Lafif was a body of twelve members drawn from the neighbourhood and sworn to tell the truth, who were bound to give a unanimous verdict, about matters "which they had personally seen or heard, binding on the judge, to settle the truth concerning facts in a case, between ordinary people, and obtained as of right by the plaintiff". A characteristic of the English jury which the Islamic Lafif lacked was the "judici ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English Laws
English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures. Principal elements of English law Although the common law has, historically, been the foundation and prime source of English law, the most authoritative law is statutory legislation, which comprises Acts of Parliament, regulations and by-laws. In the absence of any statutory law, the common law with its principle of '' stare decisis'' forms the residual source of law, based on judicial decisions, custom, and usage. Common law is made by sitting judges who apply both statutory law and established principles which are derived from the reasoning from earlier decisions. Equity is the other historic source of judge-made law. Common law can be amended or repealed by Parliament. Not being a civil law system, it has no comprehensive codification. However, most of its criminal law has been codified from its common ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1179
Year 1179 ( MCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Levant * April 10 – A Crusader army led by King Baldwin IV (the Leper) is ambushed by Muslim forces in a narrow valley in the forest of Banyas. Baldwin is only able to extricate his forces owing to the heroism of Humphrey II, lord of Toron, who holds up the Muslims with his bodyguard till Baldwin and his army escape. Humphrey suffers mortal wounds and dies on April 22. He is succeeded by his 13-year-old grandson Humphrey IV. * June 10 – Battle of Marj Ayyun: A Crusader army (some 10,000 men) led by Baldwin IV is defeated by Muslim forces under Saladin near the Litani River (modern Lebanon). The Knights Templar join the battle, but they are driven back in confusion. Baldwin narrowly escapes being captured in the route. Amongst Saladin's prisoners are Odo de St. Amand, Grand Master of the Templars, and Lord Baldwin of I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
12th Century In Law
1 (one, unit, unity) is a number representing a single or the only entity. 1 is also a numerical digit and represents a single unit of counting or measurement. For example, a line segment of ''unit length'' is a line segment of length 1. In conventions of sign where zero is considered neither positive nor negative, 1 is the first and smallest positive integer. It is also sometimes considered the first of the infinite sequence of natural numbers, followed by 2, although by other definitions 1 is the second natural number, following 0. The fundamental mathematical property of 1 is to be a multiplicative identity, meaning that any number multiplied by 1 equals the same number. Most if not all properties of 1 can be deduced from this. In advanced mathematics, a multiplicative identity is often denoted 1, even if it is not a number. 1 is by convention not considered a prime number; this was not universally accepted until the mid-20th century. Additionally, 1 is the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1179 In England
Events from the 1170s in England. Incumbents *Monarch – Henry II Events 1170 * April – Inquest of Sheriffs: Henry II looks into the financial dealings of local officials. * 14 June – Henry II has his 15-year-old son Henry the Young King crowned by Roger, Archbishop of York, as junior king and heir to the English throne. The coronation drives the Pope to allow the exiled Thomas Becket (whose privilege as Archbishop of Canterbury to crown monarchs has been infringed) to lay an interdict on England as punishment, and this threat forces Henry to negotiate with Becket. Sir William Marshal is appointed tutor-in-arms to Henry the Young King. * 22 July – Becket controversy: Reconciliation between Henry II and Becket at Fréteval in Western France. * 21 September – Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland: Following a siege, combined Anglo-Norman and Irish forces led by Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, seize the city of Dublin, forcing Ascall mac Ragnaill, last King of Dublin, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
