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GoFetch
GoFetch is a family of cryptographic attacks on recent Apple silicon CPUs that exploits the CPU's on-chip data memory-dependent prefetcher (DMP) to investigate the contents of memory. CPUs affected include the M1, M2, M3 and A14 series system-on-a-chip processors. The DMP looks at cache memory content for possible pointer values, and prefetches the data at those locations into cache if it sees memory access patterns that suggest following those pointers would be useful. The GoFetch attacks use those speculative cache fetches to undermine a number of different cryptographic algorithms by using memory access timings to exfiltrate data from those algorithms using timing attacks In cryptography, a timing attack is a side-channel attack in which the attacker attempts to compromise a cryptosystem by analyzing the time taken to execute cryptographic algorithms. Every logical operation in a computer takes time to execute, and .... The authors of GoFetch state that they were un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GoFetch
GoFetch is a family of cryptographic attacks on recent Apple silicon CPUs that exploits the CPU's on-chip data memory-dependent prefetcher (DMP) to investigate the contents of memory. CPUs affected include the M1, M2, M3 and A14 series system-on-a-chip processors. The DMP looks at cache memory content for possible pointer values, and prefetches the data at those locations into cache if it sees memory access patterns that suggest following those pointers would be useful. The GoFetch attacks use those speculative cache fetches to undermine a number of different cryptographic algorithms by using memory access timings to exfiltrate data from those algorithms using timing attacks In cryptography, a timing attack is a side-channel attack in which the attacker attempts to compromise a cryptosystem by analyzing the time taken to execute cryptographic algorithms. Every logical operation in a computer takes time to execute, and .... The authors of GoFetch state that they were un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gofetch
GoFetch is a family of cryptographic attacks on recent Apple silicon CPUs that exploits the CPU's on-chip data memory-dependent prefetcher (DMP) to investigate the contents of memory. CPUs affected include the M1, M2, M3 and A14 series system-on-a-chip processors. The DMP looks at cache memory content for possible pointer values, and prefetches the data at those locations into cache if it sees memory access patterns that suggest following those pointers would be useful. The GoFetch attacks use those speculative cache fetches to undermine a number of different cryptographic algorithms by using memory access timings to exfiltrate data from those algorithms using timing attacks In cryptography, a timing attack is a side-channel attack in which the attacker attempts to compromise a cryptosystem by analyzing the time taken to execute cryptographic algorithms. Every logical operation in a computer takes time to execute, and .... The authors of GoFetch state that they were un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Data Memory-dependent Prefetcher
A data memory-dependent prefetcher (DMP) is a cache prefetcher that looks at cache memory content for possible pointer values, and prefetches the data at those locations into cache if it sees memory access patterns that suggest following those pointers would be useful. As of 2022, data prefetching was already a common feature in CPUs, but most prefetchers do not inspect the data within the cache for pointers, instead working by monitoring memory access patterns. Data memory-dependent prefetchers take this one step further. The DMP in Apple's M1 computer architecture was demonstrated to be capable of being used as a memory side-channel in an attack published in early 2024. At that time its authors did not know of any practical way to exploit it. The DMP was subsequently discovered to be even more opportunistic than previously thought, and has now been demonstrated to be able to be used to effectively attack a variety of cryptographic algorithms in work called GoFetch GoFetch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apple M3
Apple M3 is a series of ARM-based system on a chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc., part of the Apple silicon series, as a central processing unit (CPU) and graphics processing unit (GPU) for its Mac desktops and notebooks. Released in late 2023, it is the third generation of ARM architecture intended for Apple's Mac computers after switching from Intel Core to Apple silicon, succeeding the Apple M2. Release Apple announced the M3 on October 30, 2023, at its Halloween-themed ''Scary Fast'' online event, along with models of the iMac and the MacBook Pro using the M3. Design The M3 series is Apple's first 3 nm design for desktops and notebooks. It is manufactured by TSMC. CPU * M3: 8-core CPU with 4 performance cores and 4 efficiency cores * M3 Pro: 11- or 12-core CPU with 5 or 6 performance cores and 6 efficiency cores * M3 Max: 14- or 16-core CPU with 10 or 12 performance cores and 4 efficiency cores GPU The redesigned GPU includes features like Dynamic Caching ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apple Silicon
Apple silicon is a series of system on a chip (SoC) and system in a package (SiP) processors designed by Apple Inc., mainly using the ARM architecture. It is the basis of most new Mac computers as well as iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, Apple TV, and Apple Watch, and of products such as AirPods, HomePod, HomePod Mini, and AirTag. Apple announced its plan to switch Mac computers from Intel processors to Apple silicon at WWDC 2020 on June 22, 2020. The first Macs built with the Apple M1 processor were unveiled on November 10, 2020. In 2022, the newest Mac models were built with Apple silicon; only older models of the Mac Mini and the Mac Pro still use Intel Core and Xeon processors respectively. Apple fully controls the integration of Apple silicon chips with the company's hardware and software products. Johny Srouji is in charge of Apple's silicon design. Manufacturing of the chips is outsourced to semiconductor contract manufacturers such as Samsung and TSMC. A series ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apple M1
Apple M1 is a series of ARM architecture, ARM-based system-on-a-chip, systems-on-a-chip (SoCs) Apple silicon, designed by Apple Inc. as a central processing unit (CPU) and graphics processing unit (GPU) for its Mac (computer), Mac desktop computer, desktops and Laptop, notebooks, and the iPad Pro and iPad Air (5th generation), iPad Air Tablet computer, tablets. The M1 chip initiated Apple's third Mac transition to Apple silicon, change to the instruction set architecture used by Macintosh computers, switching from Intel to Apple silicon 14 years after they were Mac transition to Intel processors, switched from PowerPC to Intel, and 26 years after the transition from the original Motorola 68000 series to PowerPC. At the time of introduction in 2020, Apple said that the M1 had the world's fastest CPU core "in low power silicon" and the world's best CPU performance per watt. Its successor, Apple M2, was announced on June 6, 2022 at WWDC. The M1 was introduced in November 2020, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apple M2
The Apple M2 is an ARM-based system on a chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc. as a central processing unit (CPU) and graphics processing unit (GPU) for its Mac notebooks and the iPad Pro tablet. It is the second generation of ARM architecture intended for Apple's Mac computers after switching from Intel Core to Apple silicon, succeeding the M1. Apple announced the M2 on June 6, 2022, at WWDC, along with models of the MacBook Air and the 13-inch MacBook Pro using the M2. It was released on June 24, 2022. The M2 is made with TSMC's "Enhanced 5-nanometer technology" N5P process and contains 20 billion transistors, a 25% increase from the M1. Apple claims CPU improvements up to 18% and GPU improvements up to 35% compared to the M1. Design CPU The M2 has four high-performance "Avalanche" and four energy-efficient "Blizzard" cores, first seen in the A15 Bionic, providing a hybrid configuration similar to ARM DynamIQ, as well as Intel's Alder Lake and Raptor Lake processors. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apple A14
The Apple A14 Bionic is a 64-bit ARMv8.5-A system on a chip (SoC), designed by Apple Inc. It appears in the fourth generation iPad Air and tenth generation iPad, as well as iPhone 12 Mini, iPhone 12, iPhone 12 Pro, and iPhone 12 Pro Max. Apple states that the central processing unit (CPU) performs up to 40% faster than the A12, while the graphics processing unit (GPU) is up to 30% faster than the A12. It also includes a 16-core neural engine and new machine learning matrix accelerators that perform twice and ten times as fast, respectively. Design The Apple A14 Bionic features an Apple-designed 64-bit, six-core CPU, implementing ARMv8 with two high-performance cores called Firestorm and four energy-efficient cores called Icestorm. The A14 integrates an Apple-designed four-core GPU with 30% faster graphics performance than the A12. The A14 includes dedicated neural network hardware that Apple calls a new 16-core Neural Engine. The Neural Engine can perform 11 trillion op ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cache (computing)
In computing, a cache ( ) is a hardware or software component that stores data so that future requests for that data can be served faster; the data stored in a cache might be the result of an earlier computation or a copy of data stored elsewhere. A ''cache hit'' occurs when the requested data can be found in a cache, while a ''cache miss'' occurs when it cannot. Cache hits are served by reading data from the cache, which is faster than recomputing a result or reading from a slower data store; thus, the more requests that can be served from the cache, the faster the system performs. To be cost-effective and to enable efficient use of data, caches must be relatively small. Nevertheless, caches have proven themselves in many areas of computing, because typical computer applications access data with a high degree of locality of reference. Such access patterns exhibit temporal locality, where data is requested that has been recently requested already, and spatial locality, where d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pointer (computer Programming)
In computer science, a pointer is an object in many programming languages that stores a memory address. This can be that of another value located in computer memory, or in some cases, that of memory-mapped computer hardware. A pointer ''references'' a location in memory, and obtaining the value stored at that location is known as ''dereferencing'' the pointer. As an analogy, a page number in a book's index could be considered a pointer to the corresponding page; dereferencing such a pointer would be done by flipping to the page with the given page number and reading the text found on that page. The actual format and content of a pointer variable is dependent on the underlying computer architecture. Using pointers significantly improves performance for repetitive operations, like traversing iterable data structures (e.g. strings, lookup tables, control tables and tree structures). In particular, it is often much cheaper in time and space to copy and dereference pointers th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timing Attack
In cryptography, a timing attack is a side-channel attack in which the attacker attempts to compromise a cryptosystem by analyzing the time taken to execute cryptographic algorithms. Every logical operation in a computer takes time to execute, and the time can differ based on the input; with precise measurements of the time for each operation, an attacker can work backwards to the input. Finding secrets through timing information may be significantly easier than using cryptanalysis of known plaintext, ciphertext pairs. Sometimes timing information is combined with cryptanalysis to increase the rate of information leakage. Information can leak from a system through measurement of the time it takes to respond to certain queries. How much this information can help an attacker depends on many variables: cryptographic system design, the CPU running the system, the algorithms used, assorted implementation details, timing attack countermeasures, the accuracy of the timing measurements, et ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raptor Lake
Raptor Lake is Intel's codename for the 13th-generation of Intel Core processors based on a hybrid architecture, utilizing Raptor Cove performance cores and Gracemont efficient cores. Raptor Lake launched on October 20, 2022. Mobile versions are expected to be released by the end of the year. Like Alder Lake, Raptor Lake is fabricated using Intel's Intel 7 process. At Intel's Investor Meeting 2022, it was confirmed that Raptor Lake would feature up to 24 cores (8 performance cores plus 16 efficient cores) and 32 threads and is socket compatible with Alder Lake systems (LGA 1700). The company spokesman revealed that Raptor Lake was conjured in the last-minute, to benefit from all the process improvements before Meteor Lake arrives since the next microarchitecture was not ready on time. Raptor Lake competes with the AMD Ryzen 7000 series that was launched about one month earlier on September 27, 2022. Features CPU * Cores ** Raptor Cove performance cores (P-core) ** ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
