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Giovanni Maria Gabrielli
Giovanni Maria Gabrielli (January 10, 1654 – September 17, 1711) was an Italian Catholic Church's cardinal. Biography He was born at CittĂ di Castello, in the Papal States, to an impoverished branch of an old and influential family from nearby Gubbio. He moved at a young age to Rome, where he entered the Cistercian Order in the monastery of Santa Pudenziana and became a monk. He started an academic career, and taught philosophy and theology in a number of Cistercian houses of study for twenty years, in Italy, France and Spain. He was widely considered an eminent theologian and received by Pope Innocent XI (1676â1689) several offers of promotion to the episcopate, which he all declined. He rather chose to pursue Holy Inquisition offices and was assigned the leadership of many cases. In 1690 he was appointed Abbot of the monastery of San Bernardo alle Terme in Rome by Alexander VIII (1689â1691), and in 1699 Abbot general of the Cistercians by Innocent XII. Career ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giovanni Maria Gabrielli
Giovanni Maria Gabrielli (January 10, 1654 – September 17, 1711) was an Italian Catholic Church's cardinal. Biography He was born at CittĂ di Castello, in the Papal States, to an impoverished branch of an old and influential family from nearby Gubbio. He moved at a young age to Rome, where he entered the Cistercian Order in the monastery of Santa Pudenziana and became a monk. He started an academic career, and taught philosophy and theology in a number of Cistercian houses of study for twenty years, in Italy, France and Spain. He was widely considered an eminent theologian and received by Pope Innocent XI (1676â1689) several offers of promotion to the episcopate, which he all declined. He rather chose to pursue Holy Inquisition offices and was assigned the leadership of many cases. In 1690 he was appointed Abbot of the monastery of San Bernardo alle Terme in Rome by Alexander VIII (1689â1691), and in 1699 Abbot general of the Cistercians by Innocent XII. Career ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Innocent XI
Pope Innocent XI ( la, Innocentius XI; it, Innocenzo XI; 16 May 1611 â 12 August 1689), born Benedetto Odescalchi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 21 September 1676 to his death on August 12, 1689. Political and religious tensions with Louis XIV of France were a constant preoccupation for Innocent XI. Within the Papal States, he lowered taxes, produced a surplus in the papal budget and repudiated nepotism within the Church. Innocent XI was frugal in his governance of the Papal States, his methods evident in matters ranging from his manner of dress to a wide range of standards of personal behavior consistent with his conception of Christian values. Once he was elected to the papacy, he applied himself to moral and administrative reform of the Roman Curia. He abolished sinecures and pushed for greater simplicity in preaching as well as greater reverence in worship, requesting this of both the clergy and faithful. In consideration of his di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cante De' Gabrielli
Cante dei Gabrielli di Gubbio (c. 1260 â c. 1335) was an Italian nobleman and condottiero. Biography Cante was born in Gubbio to a powerful Guelph feudal family. He held several high offices as PodestĂ in a number of cities in Tuscany and Umbria (Florence, Pistoia, Siena, Lucca, Orvieto) and was lord of Gubbio, Cantiano and other castles. In 1317 he was appointed by Pope John XXII as Commander-in-Chief of the Church's army, at the head of which he defeated the Ghibellines at Assisi and Urbino, thus re-establishing the Pope's supremacy in central Italy. He is mostly famous for having exiled from Florence Dante Alighieri, the famous poet, while serving as PodestĂ of that city (1301â1302). Dante took vengeance on him by giving Cante's disguised name to Rubicante, one of the Malebranche demons the poet encounters in the bolgia of barratry, as described in his masterwork the ''Divine Comedy'' (Inf. XXI vv. 118-123). Over the centuries, literati have recognized that Dant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quietism (Christian Philosophy)
Quietism is the name given (especially in Roman Catholic theology) to a set of contemplative practices that rose in popularity in France, Italy, and Spain during the late 1670s and 1680s, particularly associated with the writings of the Spanish mystic Miguel de Molinos (and subsequently François Malaval and Madame Guyon), and which were condemned as heresy by Pope Innocent XI in the papal bull ''Coelestis Pastor'' of 1687. The "Quietist" heresy was seen by critics to consist of wrongly elevating "contemplation" over "meditation", intellectual stillness over vocal prayer, and interior passivity over pious action in an account of Christian contemplation, mystical prayer, spiritual growth and Henosis, union with God (one in which, the accusation ran, there existed the possibility of achieving a sinless state and union with the Godhead (Christianity), Christian Godhead). Usage Since the late seventeenth century, "Quietism" has functioned (especially within Roman Catholic theology, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
François Fénelon
François de Salignac de la Mothe-FĂ©nelon (), more commonly known as François FĂ©nelon (6 August 1651 â 7 January 1715), was a French Catholic archbishop, theologian, poet and writer. Today, he is remembered mostly as the author of '' The Adventures of Telemachus'', first published in 1699. Childhood and education, 1651â75 FĂ©nelon was born on 6 August 1651 at the ChĂąteau de FĂ©nelon, in Sainte-Mondane, PĂ©rigord, Aquitaine, in the Dordogne river valley, the second of the three children of Pons de Salignac, Comte de La Mothe-FĂ©nelon by his wife Louise de La Cropte. Reduced to the status of "impecunious old nobility" by François' time, the La Mothe-FĂ©nelons had produced leaders in both Church and state. His uncle Francois currently served as bishop of nearby Sarlat, a see in which fifteen generations of the FĂ©nelon family had filled the episcopal chair. "In fact, so many members of the family occupied the position that it had begun to be considered as practically ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Propaganda Fide
Propaganda is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is being presented. Propaganda can be found in news and journalism, government, advertising, entertainment, education, and activism and is often associated with material which is prepared by governments as part of war efforts, political campaigns, health campaigns, revolutionaries, big businesses, ultra-religious organizations, the media, and certain individuals such as soapboxers. In the 20th century, the English term ''propaganda'' was often associated with a manipulative approach, but historically, propaganda has been a neutral descriptive term of any material that promotes certain opinions or ideologies. Equivalent non-English terms have also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urban VIII
Pope Urban VIII ( la, Urbanus VIII; it, Urbano VIII; baptised 5 April 1568 â 29 July 1644), born Maffeo Vincenzo Barberini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 August 1623 to his death in July 1644. As pope, he expanded the papal territory by force of arms and advantageous politicking, and was also a prominent patron of the arts and a reformer of Church missions. However, the massive debts incurred during his pontificate greatly weakened his successors, who were unable to maintain the papacy's longstanding political and military influence in Europe. He was also an opponent of Copernicanism and involved in the Galileo affair. He is the last pope to date to take the pontifical name "Urban". Biography Early life He was born Maffeo Vincenzo Barberini in April 1568 to Antonio Barberini, a Florentine nobleman, and Camilla Barbadoro. He was born at Barberino Val d'Elsa in "Tafania" house. His father died when he was only three years old and hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holy Office
The Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith (DDF) is the oldest among the departments of the Roman Curia. Its seat is the Palace of the Holy Office in Rome. It was founded to defend the Catholic Church from heresy and is the body responsible for promulgating and defending Roman Catholic doctrine. Formerly known as the ''Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition''; (1908 â 1965) the ''Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office''; and then until June 2022 the ''Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith'' (''CDF''; la, Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei). It is still informally known as the Holy Office in many Catholic countries. ( la, Sanctum Officium) Founded by Pope Paul III in 1542, the sole objective of the dicastery is to "spread sound Catholic doctrine and defend those points of Christian tradition which seem in danger because of new and unacceptable doctrines." Its headquarters are at the Palace of the Holy Office, just outside Vatican Cit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Innocent XII
Pope Innocent XII ( la, Innocentius XII; it, Innocenzo XII; 13 March 1615 â 27 September 1700), born Antonio Pignatelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 July 1691 to his death in September 1700. He took a hard stance against nepotism in the Church, continuing the policies of Pope Innocent XI, who started the battle against nepotism but which did not gain traction under Pope Alexander VIII. To that end, he issued a papal bull strictly forbidding it. The pope also used this bull to ensure that no revenue or land could be bestowed on relatives. Biography Early life Antonio Pignatelli was born on 13 March 1615 in SpinazzolaOtt, Michael. "Pope Innocent XII." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 4 February 2019 (now in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abbot General
Abbot is an ecclesiastical title given to the male head of a monastery in various Western religious traditions, including Christianity. The office may also be given as an honorary title to a clergyman who is not the head of a monastery. The female equivalent is abbess. Origins The title had its origin in the monasteries of Egypt and Syria, spread through the eastern Mediterranean, and soon became accepted generally in all languages as the designation of the head of a monastery. The word is derived from the Aramaic ' meaning "father" or ', meaning "my father" (it still has this meaning in contemporary Hebrew: ŚŚŚ and Aramaic: ÜÜÜ) In the Septuagint, it was written as "abbas". At first it was employed as a respectful title for any monk, but it was soon restricted by canon law to certain priestly superiors. At times it was applied to various priests, e.g. at the court of the Frankish monarchy the ' ("of the palace"') and ' ("of the camp") were chaplains to the Merovingian and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander VIII
Pope Alexander VIII ( it, Alessandro VIII; 22 April 1610 â 1 February 1691), born Pietro Vito Ottoboni, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 October 1689 to his death in February 1691. He is to date the last pope to take the pontifical name of "Alexander" upon his election to the papacy. Alexander VIII is known for having overturned many of the policies of his predecessor, Innocent XI, deciding to indulge in nepotism in order to further enrich his family. Such nepotism exhausted the papal treasury, later forcing his successor, Innocent XII, to implement austere measures to restore the papal coffers. Despite his brief papacy, during which little of importance was undertaken, Alexander VIII is known for having condemned the doctrines of the so-called philosophical sin which was being taught in schools run by the Society of Jesus. Also during his papacy, King Louis XIV of France restored Avignon to the Holy See as a territory of the Papal Stat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
San Bernardo Alle Terme
San Bernardo alle Terme is a Baroque style, Roman Catholic abbatial church located on Via Torino 94 in the rione Castro Pretorio of Rome, Italy. History The church was built on the remains of a circular tower, which marked a corner in the southwestern perimeter wall of the Baths of Diocletian (its pendant is today part of a hotel building, 225 meters southeast from San Bernardo alle Terme). These two towers flanked a large semicircular exedra; the distance between the towers attests to enormous scale of the original structure. In 1598, under the patronage of Caterina Sforza di Santafiora, this church was built for the French Cistercian group, the Feuillants, under the leadership of Giovanni Barreiro, abbot of Toulouse. Later, after the dissolution of the Feuillants during the French Revolution, the edifice and the annexed monastery were ceded to the Congregation of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, after whom the church is named. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
