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Fungicide Use In The United States
This article summarizes different crops, what common fungal problems they have, and how fungicide should be used in order to mitigate damage and crop loss. This page also covers how specific fungal infections affect crops present in the United States. Almonds Alternaria leaf spot Symptoms of Alternaria leaf spot appear as lesions with tan spots on the leaves. The centers of these lesions become black with fungal sporulation. This infection can lead to tree death within 3–4 years of the first serious outbreak. Orchards in high humidity areas result in the largest yield loss, often in excess of 50%. Yield loss tends to rise every year as the tree becomes weaker each year after infection. Three fungicide applications can achieve 60–80% control of leaf spot.Specific Section 18 Emergency Exemption Request to use Azoxystrobin (Abound Flowable) to Control Alternaria on Almonds in San Joaquin Valley of California, California Department of Pesticide Regulation, 1999. Anthracno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alternaria Leaf Spot
Alternaria leaf spot or Alternaria leaf blight are a group of fungal diseases in plants, that have a variety of hosts. The diseases infects common garden plants, such as cabbage, and are caused by several closely related species of fungi. Some of these fungal species target specific plants, while others have been known to target plant families. One commercially relevant plant genus that can be affected by Alternaria Leaf Spot is ''Brassica'', as the cosmetic issues caused by symptomatic lesions can lead to rejection of crops by distributors and buyers. When certain crops such as cauliflower and broccoli are infected, the heads deteriorate and there is a complete loss of marketability. Secondary soft-rotting organisms can infect stored cabbage that has been affected by Alternaria Leaf Spot by entering through symptomatic lesions. Alternaria Leaf Spot diseases that affect ''Brassica'' species are caused by the pathogens ''Alternaria brassicae'' and ''Alternaria brassicicola ''Altern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brown Rot On Apple
Brown is a color. It can be considered a composite color, but it is mainly a darker shade of orange. In the CMYK color model used in printing or painting, brown is usually made by combining the colors orange and black. In the RGB color model used to project colors onto television screens and computer monitors, brown combines red and green. The color brown is seen widely in nature, wood, soil, human hair color, eye color and skin pigmentation. Brown is the color of dark wood or rich soil. According to public opinion surveys in Europe and the United States, brown is the least favorite color of the public; it is often associated with plainness, the rustic, feces, and poverty. More positive associations include baking, warmth, wildlife, and the autumn. Etymology The term is from Old English , in origin for any dusky or dark shade of color. The first recorded use of ''brown'' as a color name in English was in 1000. The Common Germanic adjectives ''*brûnoz and *brûnâ'' meant both ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grimes Golden
The 'Grimes Golden' apple is a cultivar of apple originated in Wellsburg, Virginia (now West Virginia West Virginia is a state in the Appalachian, Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States.The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States while the B ...) in 1832 on the farm of Thomas Grimes. It could be a parent of the famous Golden Delicious apple, and is known to be the maternal parent of 'Yellospur', and the pollen parent of 'Sinta'. References Brooke County, West Virginia American apples Apple cultivars {{apple-fruit-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rome Beauty
The Rome apple (also known as Red Rome, Rome Beauty, Gillett's Seedling) is a cooking apple originating near Rome Township, Ohio, in the early 19th century. This apple remains popular for its glossy red color and for its utility in cooking. Characteristics The Rome is rounded, all red, and very glossy, with a thick skin and firm flesh. It is primarily used for baking, as its flavor develops when cooked, and it holds its shape well. It is commonly described as less desirable as an eating apple because of its subtle flavor that is not as sweet, flashy, or tart as some other varieties. It comes to market in late September and is considered a good keeper. Rome apples are widely grown and available, and are a staple variety in American commerce. Origins The story is given that in 1817 Joel Gillet (also spelled "Gillett" or "Gillette" by his descendants) found a seedling tree in a shipment from a nursery. His son planted the tree on the banks of the Ohio River in Rome Township near ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) or succinate-coenzyme Q reductase (SQR) or respiratory complex II is an enzyme complex, found in many bacterial cells and in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. It is the only enzyme that participates in both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. Histochemical analysis showing high succinate dehydrogenase in muscle demonstrates high mitochondrial content and high oxidative potential. In step 6 of the citric acid cycle, SQR catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol. This occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane by coupling the two reactions together. Structure Subunits Mitochondrial and many bacterial SQRs are composed of four structurally different subunits: two hydrophilic and two hydrophobic. The first two subunits, a flavoprotein (SdhA) and an iron-sulfur protein (SdhB), form a hydrophilic head where enzymatic activity of the complex takes place. SdhA co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyraclostrobin
Pyraclostrobin is a quinone outside inhibitor ( QI)-type fungicide used in agriculture. Among the QIs, it lies within the strobilurin chemical class. Use Pyraclostrobin is used to protect ''Fragaria'', ''Rubus idaeus'', ''Vaccinium corymbosum'', ''Ribes rubrum'', ''Ribes uva-crispa'', blackberry (various ''Rubus'' spp.), and '' Pistachio vera''. Target pathogens Pyraclostrobin is used against ''Botrytis cinerea'' and ''Alternaria alternata''. Resistance Resistant populations have been identified in: *''Botrytis cinerea'' on ''Fragaria'' in the Carolinas, conferred by the G143A mutation in the partial cytochrome b (CYTB) gene. *''Botrytis cinerea'' on ''Fragaria'', ''Rubus idaeus'', ''Vaccinium corymbosum'', ''Ribes rubrum'', ''Ribes uva-crispa'', and blackberry (various ''Rubus'' spp.) in Northern Germany. *''Botrytis cinerea'' on ''Fragaria'' in Florida. *''Alternaria alternata'' on '' Pistachio vera'' in California. Geography of use United States Pyraclostrobin was widely use ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fluazinam
Fluazinam is a broad-spectrum fungicide used in agriculture. It is classed as a diarylamine and more specifically an arylaminopyridine. Its chemical name is 3-chloro-''N''-(3-chloro-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridinamine. The mode of action involves the compound being an extremely potent uncoupler An uncoupler or uncoupling agent is a molecule that disrupts oxidative phosphorylation in prokaryotes and mitochondria or photophosphorylation in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria by dissociating the reactions of ATP synthesis from the electron transpo ... of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and also having high reactivity with thiols. It is unique amongst uncouplers in displaying broad-spectrum activity against fungi and also very low toxicity to mammals due to it being rapidly metabolised to a compound without uncoupling activity. It was first described in 1992 and was developed by researchers at the Japanese company Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha. Uses ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fludioxonil
Fludioxonil is a non-systemic fungicide, introduced in 1993 by Ciba-Geigy (now Syngenta). It is used for the treatment of crops, particularly cereals, fruits and vegetables, and ornamental plants. It is often used in combination with another fungicide such as Cyprodinil. Its mode of action is to inhibit transport-associated phosphorylation of glucose, which reduces mycelium, mycelial growth rate. Fludioxonil is used against ''Fusarium'', ''Rhizoctonia'', ''Alternaria'', and ''Botrytis cinerea''. There was a particularly bad crop failure due to multiresistant Botrytis cinerea in Florida, ''B. cinerea'' in strawberry in Florida in 2012; in that year and many other years, fludioxonil is the only fungicide, a.i. still providing any protection. It is a structural analog of the natural fungicide pyrrolnitrin. Brand names include seed treatments: Celest, Agri Star Fludioxonil 41 ST, Dyna-shield Fludioxonil, Maxim 4 FS, and Spirato 480 FS, as well as foliar applications: Switch (fl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bordeaux Mixture
Bordeaux mixture (also called ''Bordo Mix'') is a mixture of copper(II) sulphate (CuSO4) and quicklime ( Ca O) used as a fungicide. It is used in vineyards, fruit-farms and gardens to prevent infestations of downy mildew, powdery mildew and other fungi. It is sprayed on plants as a preventive treatment; its mode of action is ineffective after a fungus has become established. It was invented in the Bordeaux region of France in the late 19th century. If it is applied in large quantities annually for many years, the copper in the mixture eventually becomes a pollutant. As such its sale and use is illegal in Great Britain and most of the European Union. Despite this, it has been promoted as an 'organic' pesticide. Main uses In addition to its use to control fungal infection on grape vines, the mixture is also widely used to control potato blight, peach leaf curl and apple scab. Although it may be bad for the environment,Pears, Pauline, et al. HDRA Encyclopedia Of Organic Gardening, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bitter Rot Of Apple
Bitter rot of apple is a fungal disease of apple fruit that is caused by several species in the ''Colletotrichum acutatum'' and ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'' species complexes. It is identified by sunken circular lesions with conical intrusions into the apple flesh that appear V-shaped when the apple is cut in half through the center of the lesion. It is one of the most devastating diseases of apple fruit in regions with warm wet weather. Common names The term “bitter rot” has consistently been associated with this disease in literature from the United States going back through the 1800s. During the 1950s to 1980s there was literature out of Great Britain and Ireland that used the common name of “bitter rot” for apple rots caused by '' Neofabraea'' (or the older synonym of '' Gloeosporium'') species, which are now referred to as lenticel rot or bulls eye rot. Literature from South Korea often uses the name of "apple anthracnose". Some scientists distinguish betwee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
