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Fundamental Laws Of The Realm
The Fundamental Laws of the Kingdom ( es, Leyes Fundamentales del Reino) were a set of constitutional laws organizing the powers of the Francoist regime in Spain, the dictatorship of Generalissimo Francisco Franco. In 1977, during the transition, an eighth law with the same status as the others was brought into effect, altering the legislative framework in order to bring to a head the process of political reform. Rather than a typical constitution, the laws were ', a distinctly Spanish legal concept dating to medieval times with a wide range of meanings, as they had not been developed or approved by elected representatives. The Fundamental Laws were ultimately revoked by the Spanish Constitution of 1978. The eight laws were: :1. The of 1938: Influenced by the Italian Labour Charter of 1927, it regulated the labour conditions and economic life of Spain. Though it established a minimum wage and limits on the length of the working day, these concessions were subordinate to the na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
De Facto
''De facto'' ( ; , "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, whether or not they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms. It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with ''de jure'' ("by law"), which refers to things that happen according to official law, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. History In jurisprudence, it mainly means "practiced, but not necessarily defined by law" or "practiced or is valid, but not officially established". Basically, this expression is opposed to the concept of "de jure" (which means "as defined by law") when it comes to law, management or technology (such as standards) in the case of creation, development or application of "without" or "against" instructions, but in accordance with "with practice". When legal situations are discussed, "de jure" means "expressed by law", while "de facto" means action or what is practiced. Similar expressions: "essentially", "unofficial", "in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cortes Españolas
The Cortes Españolas ( en, Spanish Courts), known informally as the Cortes franquistas ( en, Francoist Courts), was the name of the legislative institution promulgated by the ''Caudillo'' of Spain Francisco Franco which was established on 17 July 1942 (the sixth anniversary of the start of the Spanish Civil War), and opened its first session 20 months later on 17 March 1943. The ''Cortes'' sought to present itself as the highest organisational body for the Spanish people and to participate in the work of the State (Article 1A of the Constitutive Act of the Cortes, as amended by Act 1967 of the State in its third additional provision). Its members were known as ''procuradores'' (singular ''procurador''), reviving a term used for legislators prior to the Napoleonic era. The main function of the Cortes was the development and adoption of laws, but under its subsequent sanction reserved to the Head of State (Franco himself). To identify itself as a continuation of the Spanish pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law Of Spain
The Law of Spain is the legislation in force in the Kingdom of Spain, which is understood to mean Spanish territory, Spanish waters, consulates and embassies, and ships flying the Spanish flag in democratically elected institutions. Characteristics Spanish law follows the continental system, which means it is supported principally by the law in the broad sense (laws and regulations) and to a lesser extent by judicial decisions and customs. Likewise, it is a complex law, in which various autonomous community legislation coexists with the national. Constitutional supremacy The supreme Spanish law is the Spanish Constitution of 1978, which regulates the functioning of public bodies and the fundamental rights of the Spanish people, as well as the organization and competencies of the different autonomous communities. The Constitution, as well as being directly applicable by the judiciary, enjoys a material supremacy that determines the rest of the laws in Spain. Constitutional control ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basic Laws Of Israel
The Basic Laws of Israel ( he, , Ḥukey HaYesod) are thirteen constitutional laws of the State of Israel, and some of them can only be changed by a supermajority vote in the Knesset (with varying requirements for different Basic Laws and sections). Many of these laws are based on the individual liberties that were outlined in the Israeli Declaration of Independence. The Basic Laws deal with the formation and role of the principal institutions of the state, and with the relations between the state's authorities. They also protect the country's civil rights, although some of these rights were earlier protected at common law by the Supreme Court of Israel. The Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty enjoys super-legal status, giving the Supreme Court the authority to disqualify any law contradicting it, as well as protection from Emergency Regulations. The Basic Laws were intended to be draft chapters of a future Israeli constitution, which has been postponed since 1950; they act as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1976 Spanish Political Reform Referendum
A referendum on political reform was held in Spain on Wednesday, 15 December 1976, to gauge support for either the ratification or repealing of the Political Reform Act which had been approved by the Cortes Españolas on 18 November 1976. The question asked was "Do you approve of the Political Reform Bill?" ( es, ¿Aprueba el Proyecto de Ley para la Reforma Política?). The referendum resulted in 97.4% of valid votes in support of the bill on a turnout of 77.7%. Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1824 Purpose The Political Reform Act ( es, Ley 1/1977 de 4 de enero) was the last of the Fundamental Laws of the Realm and was approved by the Cortes on 18 November 1976. Its aim was to move away from the dictatorship of the Franco era and turn Spain into a constitutional monarchy with a parliament system based on representative democracy. It had been drafted by the President of the Cortes Españolas, Torcuato Fernández-Miranda (including changes t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Reform Act
The Political Reform Act (Act 1/1977, of 4 January, for the Political Reform)Law 1/1977, of January 4, of the Political Reform ''. 5 January 1977''. was adopted on 18 November 1976, by the with the support of 435 out of 531 members (81% in favor) that formed the legislature, and submitted to a |
1966 Spanish Organic Law Referendum
A referendum on the new constitution or organic law was held in Spain on 14 December 1966, with all Spaniards over age 21 being allowed to participate. The question asked was "Do you approve of the Organic Law of the State Bill?" ( es, ¿Aprueba el Proyecto de Ley Orgánica del Estado?). It was approved by 98.1% of valid votes on a turnout of 88.8%. Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1823 The Organic Law took effect as of January 1, 1967, and remained in place until the Spanish Constitution of 1978 was enacted by a referendum the same year, following Franco's death and the resumption of parliamentary government through a fully and directly elected assembly. The law The new constitution, the Organic Law of the State ( es, Ley Orgánica del Estado), stipulated a slight restraint on General Francisco Franco's autocratic powers as the Head of State, limiting such powers to the formulation of general state policy, representing Spain in foreign r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Law Of The State
The Organic Law of the State ( es, Ley Orgánica del Estado) (Law 1/1967, of 11 January, for the Organic Law of the State)Law 1/1967, of 11 January, of the Organic Law of the State ''Boletín Oficial del Estado. 11 January 1967''. was promulgated during the third stage of the Francoist Spain, Francoist regime in Spain, by a government in which most of the power was in the hands of Technocracy, technocrats. Together with the other seven Fundamental Laws of the Realm, the process of institutionalization of the Francoist regime was achieved. The law was approved by a 1966 Spanish organic law referendum, referendum on 14 December 1966, with the favorable vote of 98.1% of the voters.Dieter Nohlen, Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1823 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1947 Spanish Law Of Succession Referendum
A referendum on the law of succession was held in Spain on 6 July 1947. Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1823 The Law of Succession to the Headship of the State ( es, Ley de Sucesión en la Jefatura del Estado) was intended to provide for the restoration of the Spanish monarchy. The law appointed Francisco Franco as Head of State A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona who officially embodies a state Foakes, pp. 110–11 " he head of statebeing an embodiment of the State itself or representatitve of its international persona." in its unity and l ... for life until his death or resignation, but also granted him the power to appoint his successor as King or Regent of the Kingdom and thereby formally established a new Kingdom of Spain. The question asked was "Do you approve of the Law of Succession to the Headship of the State Bill?" ( es, ¿Aprueba el Proyecto de Ley de Sucesión en la Jefatura del Estado?). It ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Council Of The Realm
The Council of the Realm ( es, Consejo del Reino) was a corporate organ of Francoist Spain, created by the Law of Succession to the Headship of the State of 1947. Within the institutional complex created to hierarchize the regime of Francisco Franco (the so-called "organic democracy"), was the high council that advised the Head of State in the decision making of its exclusive competence. An antecedent of the Council of the Realm is the institution of the same name that appears in the Draft Constitution of 1929 of the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera. Composition Permanent councilors: * the active officers of greater seniority from the Army, Navy and Air Force, by the same order. * the Chief of the Defence High Command (the General Staff). * the Roman Catholic prelate of greater hierarchy and seniority among those who were procurators in the Cortes Españolas. * the President of the Council of State. * the President of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice (the Supreme Court). * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monarchy Of Spain
, coatofarms = File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg , coatofarms_article = Coat of arms of the King of Spain , image = Felipe_VI_in_2020_(cropped).jpg , incumbent = Felipe VI , incumbentsince = 19 June 2014 , his/her = His , heir_presumptive = Leonor, Princess of Asturias , first_monarch = Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon ( Catholic Monarchs of Spain) , date = , appointer = Hereditary , residence = Royal Palace of Madrid (official)Palace of Zarzuela (private) , website The Spanish Monarchy The monarchy of Spain or Spanish monarchy ( es, Monarquía Española), constitutionally referred to as The Crown ( es, La Corona), is a constitutional institution and the highest office of Spain. The monarchy comprises the reigning monarch, his or her family, and the royal household organization which supports and facilitates the monarch in the exercise of his du ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law Of Succession To The Headship Of The State
The Law of Succession to the Headship of the State ( es, Ley de Sucesión en la Jefatura del Estado) was the fifth of the eight Fundamental Laws of the Realm organizing the powers of the Francoist regime in Spain. It established provisions for the restoration of the Monarchy of Spain (after being abolished by the Second Spanish Republic in 1931), appointed Francisco Franco as the Head of State of Spain for life, and provided that his successor would be proposed by Franco himself with the title of King or Regent of the Kingdom, but that would have to be approved by the Cortes Españolas. The draft of the Law was sent by the Franco III Government to the Cortes on 28 March 1947. It had a short elaboration process and was approved by the Cortes in its session of 7 June 1947 and submitted to a referendum on 6 July 1947, coming into force on 27 July 1947. Legal content The fundamental and key objects of the Law were: :1. Constituting Spain as the Kingdom and as a Catholic state ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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