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Fuchs' Theorem
In mathematics, Fuchs' theorem, named after Lazarus Fuchs, states that a second-order differential equation of the form y'' + p(x)y' + q(x)y = g(x) has a solution expressible by a generalised Frobenius series when p(x), q(x) and g(x) are analytic function, analytic at x = a or a is a regular singular point. That is, any solution to this second-order differential equation can be written as y = \sum_^\infty a_n (x - a)^, \quad a_0 \neq 0 for some positive real ''s'', or y = y_0 \ln(x - a) + \sum_^\infty b_n(x - a)^, \quad b_0 \neq 0 for some positive real ''r'', where ''y''0 is a solution of the first kind. Its radius of convergence is at least as large as the minimum of the radii of convergence of p(x), q(x) and g(x). See also * Frobenius method References * . * {{Citation , last=Butkov , first=Eugene , title=Mathematical Physics , location=Reading, MA , publisher=Addison-Wesley , year=1995 , isbn=0-201-00727-4 . Differential equations Theorems in analysis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis, respectively. There is no general consensus among mathematicians about a common definition for their academic discipline. Most mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of abstract objects and the use of pure reason to prove them. These objects consist of either abstractions from nature orin modern mathematicsentities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. A ''proof'' consists of a succession of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results include previously proved theorems, axioms, andin case of abstraction from naturesome basic properties that are considered true starting points of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lazarus Fuchs
Lazarus Immanuel Fuchs (5 May 1833 – 26 April 1902) was a Jewish-German mathematician who contributed important research in the field of linear differential equations. He was born in Moschin (Mosina) (located in Grand Duchy of Posen) and died in Berlin, Germany. He was buried in Schöneberg in the St. Matthew's Cemetery. His grave in section H is preserved and listed as a grave of honour of the State of Berlin. He is the eponym of Fuchsian groups and functions, and the Picard–Fuchs equation. A singular point ''a'' of a linear differential equation :y''+p(x)y'+q(x)y=0 is called Fuchsian if ''p'' and ''q'' are meromorphic around the point ''a'', and have poles of orders at most 1 and 2, respectively. According to a theorem of Fuchs, this condition is necessary and sufficient for the regularity of the singular point, that is, to ensure the existence of two linearly independent solutions of the form : y_j=\sum_^\infty a_(x-x_0)^,\quad a_0\ne0\,\quad j=1,2. where the expo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second-order Differential Equation
In mathematics, a differential equation is an equation that relates one or more unknown functions and their derivatives. In applications, the functions generally represent physical quantities, the derivatives represent their rates of change, and the differential equation defines a relationship between the two. Such relations are common; therefore, differential equations play a prominent role in many disciplines including engineering, physics, economics, and biology. Mainly the study of differential equations consists of the study of their solutions (the set of functions that satisfy each equation), and of the properties of their solutions. Only the simplest differential equations are solvable by explicit formulas; however, many properties of solutions of a given differential equation may be determined without computing them exactly. Often when a closed-form expression for the solutions is not available, solutions may be approximated numerically using computers. The theory of dy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frobenius Series
In mathematics, the method of Frobenius, named after Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, is a way to find an infinite series solution for a second-order ordinary differential equation of the form z^2 u'' + p(z)z u'+ q(z) u = 0 with u' \equiv \frac and u'' \equiv \frac. in the vicinity of the regular singular point z=0. One can divide by z^2 to obtain a differential equation of the form u'' + \fracu' + \fracu = 0 which will not be solvable with regular power series methods if either or are not analytic at . The Frobenius method enables one to create a power series solution to such a differential equation, provided that ''p''(''z'') and ''q''(''z'') are themselves analytic at 0 or, being analytic elsewhere, both their limits at 0 exist (and are finite). Explanation The method of Frobenius is to seek a power series solution of the form u(z)=z^r \sum_^\infty A_k z^k, \qquad (A_0 \neq 0) Differentiating: u'(z)=\sum_^\infty (k+r)A_kz^ u''(z)=\sum_^\infty (k+r-1)(k+r)A_kz^ Substit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Analytic Function
In mathematics, an analytic function is a function that is locally given by a convergent power series. There exist both real analytic functions and complex analytic functions. Functions of each type are infinitely differentiable, but complex analytic functions exhibit properties that do not generally hold for real analytic functions. A function is analytic if and only if its Taylor series about ''x''0 converges to the function in some neighborhood for every ''x''0 in its domain. Definitions Formally, a function f is ''real analytic'' on an open set D in the real line if for any x_0\in D one can write : f(x) = \sum_^\infty a_ \left( x-x_0 \right)^ = a_0 + a_1 (x-x_0) + a_2 (x-x_0)^2 + a_3 (x-x_0)^3 + \cdots in which the coefficients a_0, a_1, \dots are real numbers and the series is convergent to f(x) for x in a neighborhood of x_0. Alternatively, a real analytic function is an infinitely differentiable function such that the Taylor series at any point x_0 in its domain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Regular Singular Point
In mathematics, in the theory of ordinary differential equations in the complex plane \Complex, the points of \Complex are classified into ''ordinary points'', at which the equation's coefficients are analytic functions, and ''singular points'', at which some coefficient has a singularity. Then amongst singular points, an important distinction is made between a regular singular point, where the growth of solutions is bounded (in any small sector) by an algebraic function, and an irregular singular point, where the full solution set requires functions with higher growth rates. This distinction occurs, for example, between the hypergeometric equation, with three regular singular points, and the Bessel equation which is in a sense a limiting case, but where the analytic properties are substantially different. Formal definitions More precisely, consider an ordinary linear differential equation of -th order \sum_^n p_i(z) f^ (z) = 0 with meromorphic functions. One can assume that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frobenius Method
In mathematics, the method of Frobenius, named after Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, is a way to find an infinite series solution for a second-order ordinary differential equation of the form z^2 u'' + p(z)z u'+ q(z) u = 0 with u' \equiv \frac and u'' \equiv \frac. in the vicinity of the regular singular point z=0. One can divide by z^2 to obtain a differential equation of the form u'' + \fracu' + \fracu = 0 which will not be solvable with regular power series methods if either or are not analytic at . The Frobenius method enables one to create a power series solution to such a differential equation, provided that ''p''(''z'') and ''q''(''z'') are themselves analytic at 0 or, being analytic elsewhere, both their limits at 0 exist (and are finite). Explanation The method of Frobenius is to seek a power series solution of the form u(z)=z^r \sum_^\infty A_k z^k, \qquad (A_0 \neq 0) Differentiating: u'(z)=\sum_^\infty (k+r)A_kz^ u''(z)=\sum_^\infty (k+r-1)(k+r)A_kz^ Substit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Differential Equations
In mathematics, a differential equation is an equation that relates one or more unknown functions and their derivatives. In applications, the functions generally represent physical quantities, the derivatives represent their rates of change, and the differential equation defines a relationship between the two. Such relations are common; therefore, differential equations play a prominent role in many disciplines including engineering, physics, economics, and biology. Mainly the study of differential equations consists of the study of their solutions (the set of functions that satisfy each equation), and of the properties of their solutions. Only the simplest differential equations are solvable by explicit formulas; however, many properties of solutions of a given differential equation may be determined without computing them exactly. Often when a closed-form expression for the solutions is not available, solutions may be approximated numerically using computers. The theory of d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
