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Frenkelia
''Frenkelia'' is a genus of parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa. The species in this genus infect the gastrointestinal tracts of birds of prey (definitive hosts) and the tissues of small rodents (intermediate hosts). Taxonomy Species of this genus share antigens with ''Sarcocystis''. DNA studies suggest that this genus should be merged with ''Sarcocystis''. Despite several recommendations, abolition of this genus has not yet been approved. Lifecycle The parasites undergo sexual reproduction in the gut of the definitive host — a bird of prey. They form cysts and are then eaten by a small rodent. Within the gut of the rodent, the parasites decyst. They invade the intestinal wall and are carried to the liver. They undergo schizogony in the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. They then invade the nervous tissue of the rodent host, forming cystic structures. The infected rodent is then eaten by a bird, when the tissue cysts are digested, releasing the parasites. The parasites invad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frenkelia Clethrionomyobuteonis
''Frenkelia'' is a genus of parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa. The species in this genus infect the gastrointestinal tracts of birds of prey (definitive hosts) and the tissues of small rodents (intermediate hosts). Taxonomy Species of this genus share antigens with '' Sarcocystis''. DNA studies suggest that this genus should be merged with ''Sarcocystis''. Despite several recommendations, abolition of this genus has not yet been approved. Lifecycle The parasites undergo sexual reproduction in the gut of the definitive host — a bird of prey. They form cysts and are then eaten by a small rodent. Within the gut of the rodent, the parasites decyst. They invade the intestinal wall and are carried to the liver. They undergo schizogony in the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. They then invade the nervous tissue of the rodent host, forming cystic structures. The infected rodent is then eaten by a bird, when the tissue cysts are digested, releasing the parasites. The parasites inv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frenkelia Microti
''Frenkelia'' is a genus of parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa. The species in this genus infect the gastrointestinal tracts of birds of prey (definitive hosts) and the tissues of small rodents (intermediate hosts). Taxonomy Species of this genus share antigens with '' Sarcocystis''. DNA studies suggest that this genus should be merged with ''Sarcocystis''. Despite several recommendations, abolition of this genus has not yet been approved. Lifecycle The parasites undergo sexual reproduction in the gut of the definitive host — a bird of prey. They form cysts and are then eaten by a small rodent. Within the gut of the rodent, the parasites decyst. They invade the intestinal wall and are carried to the liver. They undergo schizogony in the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. They then invade the nervous tissue of the rodent host, forming cystic structures. The infected rodent is then eaten by a bird, when the tissue cysts are digested, releasing the parasites. The parasites inv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frenkelia Glareoli
''Frenkelia'' is a genus of parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa. The species in this genus infect the gastrointestinal tracts of birds of prey (definitive hosts) and the tissues of small rodents (intermediate hosts). Taxonomy Species of this genus share antigens with '' Sarcocystis''. DNA studies suggest that this genus should be merged with ''Sarcocystis''. Despite several recommendations, abolition of this genus has not yet been approved. Lifecycle The parasites undergo sexual reproduction in the gut of the definitive host — a bird of prey. They form cysts and are then eaten by a small rodent. Within the gut of the rodent, the parasites decyst. They invade the intestinal wall and are carried to the liver. They undergo schizogony in the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. They then invade the nervous tissue of the rodent host, forming cystic structures. The infected rodent is then eaten by a bird, when the tissue cysts are digested, releasing the parasites. The parasites inv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarcocystis
''Sarcocystis'' is a genus of protozoan parasites, with many species infecting mammals, reptiles and birds. Its name is dervived from Greek ''sarx'' = flesh and ''kystis'' = bladder. The lifecycle of a typical member of this genus involves two host species, a definitive host and an intermediate host. Often, the definitive host is a predator and the intermediate host is its prey. The parasite reproduces sexually in the gut of the definitive host, is passed with the feces, and ingested by the intermediate host. There, it eventually enters muscle tissue. When the intermediate host is eaten by the definitive host, the cycle is completed. The definitive host usually does not show any symptoms of infection, but the intermediate host does. About 130 recognized species are in this genus. Revision of the taxonomy of the genus is ongoing, and all the currently recognised species may be a much smaller number of species that can infect multiple hosts. History The organism was first recog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eucoccidiorida
The Eucoccidiorida are an order of microscopic, spore-forming, single-celled parasites belonging to the apicomplexan class Conoidasida. Protozoans of this order include parasites of humans, and both domesticated and wild animals including birds. Among these parasites are the ''Toxoplasma gondii'' that cause toxoplasmosis and ''Isospora belli'', which results in isosporiasis. Definition This is the largest order in the class Conoidasida and contains those species that all undergo merogony (asexual), gametogony (sexual) and sporogony (spore formation) during their lifecycles. Genera Nineteen families, three subfamilies, and 70 genera are recognised in this order. The genera include: '' Adelea'', '' Adelina'', ''Aggregata'', '' Alveocystis'', ''Atoxoplasma'', ''Babesiosoma'', '' Barrouxia'', '' Bartazoon'', '' Besnoitia'', ''Calyptospora'', '' Caryospora'', '' Caryotropha'', '' Chagasella'', ''Choleoeimeria'', ''Cryptosporidium'', '' Crystallospora'', ''Cyclospora'', '' Cyrilia'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarcocystidae
The Sarcocystidae are a family of Apicomplexa associated with a variety of diseases in humans and other animals. Taxonomy Genera in this family include: * '' Besnoitia'' * ''Cystoisospora'' * ''Frenkelia'' * ''Nephroisospora'' * '' Neospora'' * ''Sarcocystis'' * ''Toxoplasma ''Toxoplasma gondii'' () is an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan (specifically an apicomplexan) that causes toxoplasmosis. Found worldwide, ''T. gondii'' is capable of infecting virtually all warm-blooded animals, but felids, such as d ...'' Evolution The genera ''Neospora'' and ''Toxoplasma'' appear to have diverged about . References External links Overview at webends.com* Genes Apicomplexa families {{Apicomplexa-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eimeriorina
Eimeriorina is a suborder of phylum Apicomplexa. All species in this clade are homoxenous or facultatively homoxenous. Merogony, gamogony and oocyst formation all occur within the same host. The hosts may be vertebrates or invertebrates. Erroneous identifications of species is a major problem in coccidian systematics and it is likely that some of the genera and species will be revised. Taxonomy There are 12 families, 2 subfamilies and 50 genera recognised in this suborder. The genus ''Eimeria'' with ~1500 species is the largest genus in this suborder. Notes One genus is entirely entomoxenous (parasitic on insects) — '' Barrouxia''. The taxonomic status of ''Atoxoplasma ''Atoxoplasma'' is a genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. The species in this genus infect birds. They are spread by the orofaecal route. History This genus was created by Garnham in 1950. The history of this genus has been ...'' remains unclear. References Conoidasida SAR ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hepatocyte
A hepatocyte is a cell of the main parenchymal tissue of the liver. Hepatocytes make up 80% of the liver's mass. These cells are involved in: * Protein synthesis * Protein storage * Transformation of carbohydrates * Synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids * Detoxification, modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances * Initiation of formation and secretion of bile Structure The typical hepatocyte is cubical with sides of 20-30 μm, (in comparison, a human hair has a diameter of 17 to 180 μm).The diameter of human hair ranges from 17 to 181 μm. The typical volume of a hepatocyte is 3.4 x 10−9 cm3. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in hepatocytes, in contrast to most other cell types. Microanatomy Hepatocytes display an eosinophilic cytoplasm, reflecting numerous mitochondria, and basophilic stippling due to large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. Brown lipofuscin granules are also observed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kupffer Cell
Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages and Kupffer–Browicz cells, are specialized cells localized in the liver within the lumen of the liver sinusoids and are adhesive to their endothelial cells which make up the blood vessel walls. Kupffer cells comprise the largest population of tissue-resident macrophages in the body. Gut bacteria, bacterial endotoxins, and microbial debris transported to the liver from the gastrointestinal tract via the portal vein will first come in contact with Kupffer cells, the first immune cells in the liver. It is because of this that any change to Kupffer cell functions can be connected to various liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis, intrahepatic cholestasis, steatohepatitis, activation or rejection of the liver during liver transplantation and liver fibrosis. They form part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Location and structure Kupffer cells can be found attached to sinusoidal endothelial cells in both th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enterocyte
Enterocytes, or intestinal absorptive cells, are simple columnar epithelial cells which line the inner surface of the small and large intestines. A glycocalyx surface coat contains digestive enzymes. Microvilli on the apical surface increase its surface area. This facilitates transport of numerous small molecules into the enterocyte from the intestinal lumen. These include broken down proteins, fats, and sugars, as well as water, electrolytes, vitamins, and bile salts. Enterocytes also have an endocrine role, secreting hormones such as leptin. Function The major functions of enterocytes include: *Ion uptake, including sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and copper. This typically occurs through active transport. *Water uptake. This follows the osmotic gradient established by Na+/K+ ATPase on the basolateral surface. This can occur transcellularly or paracellularly. *Sugar uptake. Polysaccharides and disaccharidases in the glycocalyx break down large sugar molecules, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protozoal Merogony
Apicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages that allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle. Each stage in the life cycle of an apicomplexan organism is typified by a ''cellular variety'' with a distinct morphology and biochemistry. Not all apicomplexa develop all the following cellular varieties and division methods. This presentation is intended as an outline of a hypothetical generalised apicomplexan organism. Methods of asexual replication Apicomplexans (sporozoans) replicate via ways of multiple fission (also known as schizogony). These ways include , and , although the latter is sometimes referred to as schizogony, despite its general meaning. Merogony is an asexually reproductive process of apicomplexa. After infecting a host cell, a trophozoite ( see glossary below) increases in size while repeatedly replicating its nucleus and other organelles. During this process, the orga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gametogony
Apicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages that allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle. Each stage in the life cycle of an apicomplexan organism is typified by a ''cellular variety'' with a distinct morphology and biochemistry. Not all apicomplexa develop all the following cellular varieties and division methods. This presentation is intended as an outline of a hypothetical generalised apicomplexan organism. Methods of asexual replication Apicomplexans (sporozoans) replicate via ways of multiple fission (also known as schizogony). These ways include , and , although the latter is sometimes referred to as schizogony, despite its general meaning. Merogony is an asexually reproductive process of apicomplexa. After infecting a host cell, a trophozoite ( see glossary below) increases in size while repeatedly replicating its nucleus and other organelles. During this process, the or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
