|
Finger Agnosia
Finger agnosia, first defined in 1924 by Josef Gerstmann, is the loss in the ability to distinguish, name, or recognize the fingers—not only the patient's own fingers, but also the fingers of others, and drawings and other representations of fingers. It is one of a tetrad of symptoms in Gerstmann syndrome, although it is also possible for finger agnosia to exist on its own without any other disorders. Usually, lesions to the left angular gyrus and posterior parietal areas can lead to finger agnosia. Causes Lesions to the left angular gyrus are associated with finger agnosia, as well as the other symptoms of Gerstmann Syndrome, also known as Angular Gyrus Syndrome. In a study by Rusconi et al., repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation was used in healthy individuals to simulate finger agnosia. Stimulation to the intraparietal sulcus, supramarginal gyrus, as well as the left and right angular gyrus and posterior parietal areas caused difficulties in naming, recognizing, and dist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Josef Gerstmann
Josef Gerstmann (July 17, 1887, Lemberg – March 23, 1969, New York City) was a Jewish Austrian-born American neurologist. Gerstmann studied Medicine at the Medical University in Vienna, then capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, between 1906 and 1912 graduating in 1912. During World War I he served with distinction as the sanitary officer. Subsequently, he worked at the Clinic for Psychiatry-Neurology in Vienna with Wagner-Jauregg, and, after becoming Professor, he became the chief of Neurological Institute Maria-Theresien-Schlössel, Vienna in 1930. Being Jewish, he emigrated with his wife Martha to the United States in 1938, escaping the Nazi Anschluss. Initially Gerstmann worked at the Springfield / Ohio State Hospital, and from 1940 to 1941 as a research assistant and as a consultant neurologist at St. Elisabeth Hospital in Washington. 1941 he moved to New York and became a research associate at the New York Neurological Institute and an attending neuropsychiatrist at Go ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gerstmann Syndrome
Gerstmann syndrome is a neuropsychological disorder that is characterized by a constellation of symptoms that suggests the presence of a lesion usually near the junction of the temporal and parietal lobes at or near the angular gyrus. Gerstmann syndrome is typically associated with damage to the inferior parietal lobule of the dominant hemisphere. It is classically considered a left-hemisphere disorder, although right-hemisphere damage has also been associated with components of the syndrome. It is named after Jewish Austrian-born American neurologist Josef Gerstmann. Symptoms Gerstmann syndrome is characterized by four primary symptoms, collectively referred to as a tetrad: # Dysgraphia/agraphia: deficiency in the ability to write # Dyscalculia/acalculia: difficulty in learning or comprehending mathematics # Finger agnosia: inability to distinguish the fingers on the hand # Left-right disorientation Causes This disorder is often associated with brain lesions in the domina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Disorder (medicine)
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific signs and symptoms. A disease may be caused by external factors such as pathogens or by internal dysfunctions. For example, internal dysfunctions of the immune system can produce a variety of different diseases, including various forms of immunodeficiency, hypersensitivity, allergies and autoimmune disorders. In humans, ''disease'' is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes pain, dysfunction, distress, social problems, or death to the person affected, or similar problems for those in contact with the person. In this broader sense, it sometimes includes injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, isolated symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Angular Gyrus
The angular gyrus is a region of the brain lying mainly in the posteroinferior region of the parietal lobe, occupying the posterior part of the inferior parietal lobule. It represents the Brodmann area 39. Its significance is in transferring visual information to Wernicke's area, in order to make meaning out of visually perceived words. It is also involved in a number of processes related to language, number processing and spatial cognition, memory retrieval, attention, and theory of mind. Anatomy Connections Left and right angular gyri are connected by the dorsal splenium and isthmus of the corpus callosum. Boundaries * Anteriorly by the Supramarginal gyrus. * Superiorly by the Intraparietal sulcus. * Posteriorly by the Parieto-occipital sulcus. * Inferiorly the angular gyrus of the parietal lobe is continuous as the superior and middle temporal gyri. Also, the angular sulcus, which is capped by the angular gyrus, is continuous as the superior temporal sulcus inferio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Posterior Parietal
The parietal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The parietal lobe is positioned above the temporal lobe and behind the frontal lobe and central sulcus. The parietal lobe integrates sensory information among various modalities, including spatial sense and navigation (proprioception), the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch in the somatosensory cortex which is just posterior to the central sulcus in the postcentral gyrus, and the dorsal stream of the visual system. The major sensory inputs from the skin (touch, temperature, and pain receptors), relay through the thalamus to the parietal lobe. Several areas of the parietal lobe are important in language processing. The somatosensory cortex can be illustrated as a distorted figure – the cortical homunculus (Latin: "little man") in which the body parts are rendered according to how much of the somatosensory cortex is devoted to them. The superior parietal lobule and in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive form of brain stimulation in which a changing magnetic field is used to induce an electric current at a specific area of the brain through electromagnetic induction. An electric pulse generator, or stimulator, is connected to a magnetic coil connected to the scalp. The stimulator generates a changing electric current within the coil which creates a varying magnetic field, inducing a current within a region in the brain itself.NICE. January 201Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating and preventing migraine/ref>Michael Craig Miller for Harvard Health Publications. July 26, 201Magnetic stimulation: a new approach to treating depression?/ref> TMS has shown diagnostic and therapeutic potential in the central nervous system with a wide variety of disease states in neurology and mental health, with research still evolving. Adverse effects of TMS appear rare and include fainting and seizure. Other potential issues include ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acalculia
Acalculia is an acquired impairment in which people have difficulty performing simple mathematical tasks, such as adding, subtracting, multiplying and even simply stating which of two numbers is larger. Acalculia is distinguished from dyscalculia in that acalculia is acquired late in life due to neurological injury such as stroke, while dyscalculia is a specific developmental disorder first observed during the acquisition of mathematical knowledge. The name comes from the Greek "a" meaning "not" and Latin "calculare", which means "to count". Signs and symptoms Calculation impairments include the inability to perform simple mathematical operations, such as addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication. As calculation involves the integration of several cognitive skills, it is understood that an individual with acalculia (or calculation difficulties) is deficient in any of the following four realms: 1) understanding that every number represents a value and immediately regi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agnosia
Agnosia is the inability to process sensory information. Often there is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss. It is usually associated with brain injury or neurological illness, particularly after damage to the occipitotemporal border, which is part of the ventral stream. Agnosia only affects a single modality, such as vision or hearing. More recently, a top-down interruption is considered to cause the disturbance of handling perceptual information. Types Visual agnosia Visual agnosia is a broad category that refers to a deficiency in the ability to recognize visual objects. Visual agnosia can be further subdivided into two different subtypes: apperceptive visual agnosia and associative visual agnosia. Individuals with apperceptive visual agnosia display the ability to see contours and outlines when shown an object, but they experience difficulty if ask ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
