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Fedor Sheremetev
Fyodor Ivanovich Sheremetev (russian: Фёдор Ива́нович Шереме́тев, c. 1570–1650) was a Russian statesman in Tsar Mikhail's times, head of government in 1613–18 and 1642–46. Life Sheremetev descended from the same old Moscow milieu as the Romanovs; he was their relative and supporter. In 1605 he was made a boyar by False Dmitry I, in 1610 became one of the so-called Seven Boyars - a self-appointed provisional government. Sheremetev took an active part in the Zemsky Sobor of 1613; he's ascribed famous words (in a letter to prince Golitsyn, perhaps apocryphal): "Let's elect Misha Romanov, he is young and stupid, he will be obedient to us". Since 1613 he was informal head of government. In 1618 took part in bringing forth Treaty of Deulino. Patriarch Filaret, after his return from captivity in 1619, pushed Sheremetev aside from state affairs, for the latter disapproved Filaret's straightforward anti-Polish policy. After Filaret's death in 1633 Sheremet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tsar Mikhail
Michael I (Russian: Михаил Фёдорович Романов, ''Mikhaíl Fyódorovich Románov'') () became the first Russian tsar of the House of Romanov after the Zemskiy Sobor of 1613 elected him to rule the Tsardom of Russia. He was the son of Feodor Nikitich Romanov (later known as Patriarch Filaret) and of Xenia Shestova (later known as "the ''great nun''" Martha). He was also a first cousin once removed of the last Rurikid Tsar Feodor I through his great-aunt Anastasia Romanovna, who was the mother of Feodor I, and through marriage, a great-nephew in-law with Tsar Ivan IV of Russia. His accession marked the end of the Time of Troubles. During his reign, Russia conquered most of Siberia with the help of the Cossacks and the Stroganov family. Russia had extended from the vicinity of the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean by the end of Michael's reign. Life and reign Michael's grandfather, Nikita, was brother to the first Russian Tsaritsa Anastasia and a central ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ivan Cherkassky
Prince Ivan Borisovich Cherkassky (Rus. ''Ива́н Бори́сович Черка́сский''; c. 1580 – 4 April 1642) was a Russian statesman who served as the head of government for 20 years under his cousin Tsar Mikhail, the first Tsar of the House of Romanov. He was the only son of Boris Kambulatovich Cherkassky and Marfa Nikitichna Romanova, a sister of Patriarch Filaret. In his youth Cherkassky was a friend of Grigory Otrepyev. In 1599 he was arrested together with other prominent members of the Romanovs' party, and was exiled in 1601, but returned to Moscow in 1602. After Mikhail Romanov was elected to become Tsar of Muscovy in 1613, Ivan Cherkassky was made a boyar. After Filaret's administrative reform in 1619 Cherkassky was put in charge of key ministries: the Treasury in 1621-22, and the Streletsky Prikaz and Aptekarsky Prikaz in 1622-23, making him a de facto head of government. He was also the richest man in Moscow. Isaac Massa, in a 1624 report for the Swedis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
17th-century Russian Diplomats
The 17th century lasted from January 1, 1601 ( MDCI), to December 31, 1700 ( MDCC). It falls into the early modern period of Europe and in that continent (whose impact on the world was increasing) was characterized by the Baroque cultural movement, the latter part of the Spanish Golden Age, the Dutch Golden Age, the French ''Grand Siècle'' dominated by Louis XIV, the Scientific Revolution, the world's first public company and megacorporation known as the Dutch East India Company, and according to some historians, the General Crisis. From the mid-17th century, European politics were increasingly dominated by the Kingdom of France of Louis XIV, where royal power was solidified domestically in the civil war of the Fronde. The semi-feudal territorial French nobility was weakened and subjugated to the power of an absolute monarchy through the reinvention of the Palace of Versailles from a hunting lodge to a gilded prison, in which a greatly expanded royal court could be more easily ke ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tsardom Of Russia People
Tsar ( or ), also spelled ''czar'', ''tzar'', or ''csar'', is a title used by East and South Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word ''caesar'', which was intended to mean "emperor" in the European medieval sense of the term—a ruler with the same rank as a Roman emperor, holding it by the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official (the Pope or the Ecumenical Patriarch)—but was usually considered by western Europeans to be equivalent to "king". It lends its name to a system of government, tsarist autocracy or tsarism. "Tsar" and its variants were the official titles of the following states: * Bulgarian Empire (First Bulgarian Empire in 681–1018, Second Bulgarian Empire in 1185–1396), and also used in Tsardom of Bulgaria, in 1908–1946 * Serbian Empire, in 1346–1371 * Tsardom of Russia, in 1547–1721 (replaced in 1721 by ''imperator'' in Russian Empire, but still remaining in use, also officially in relation to several regi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Nobility
The Russian nobility (russian: дворянство ''dvoryanstvo'') originated in the 14th century. In 1914 it consisted of approximately 1,900,000 members (about 1.1% of the population) in the Russian Empire. Up until the February Revolution of 1917, the noble estates staffed most of the Russian government and possessed a Gentry assembly. The Russian word for nobility, ''dvoryanstvo'' (), derives from Slavonic ''dvor'' (двор), meaning the court of a prince or duke (''kniaz''), and later, of the tsar or emperor. Here, ''dvor'' originally referred to servants at the estate of an aristocrat. In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, the system of hierarchy was a system of seniority known as ''mestnichestvo''. The word ''dvoryane'' described the highest rank of gentry, who performed duties at the royal court, lived in it (''Moskovskie zhiltsy''), or were candidates to it, as for many boyar scions (''dvorovye deti boyarskie'', ''vybornye deti boyarskie''). A nobleman is call ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boris Morozov
Boris Ivanovich Morozov (russian: Борис Иванович Морозов; 1590 – 1661) was a Russian statesman and boyar who led the Russian government during the early reign of Tsar Alexis. Morozov came from a long noble line, yet was poor before his appointments. In 1634, when Tsarevich Alexis was five years old, Morozov was appointed as his tutor. This began Morozov's influence on the Russian court and affairs.Montefiore, p. 96 On 17 January 1648, Morozov procured the marriage of the tsar with Maria Miloslavskaya, himself marrying her sister, Anna, ten days later, both daughters of Ilya Danilovich Miloslavsky. During his long career at the Kremlin court, Morozov supervised a number of government departments (called prikazy) – Grand Treasury, Streltsy, Pharmacy, and Payroll. Aspiring to increase the treasury’s income, Morozov reduced salaries of state employees and introduced a high indirect salt tax. These measures caused the Salt Riot of 1648. The rebels demanded Mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dyak (clerk)
Dyak (russian: дьяк, ) is a historical Russian bureaucratic occupation whose meaning varied over time and approximately corresponded to the notions of "chief clerk" or "chief of office department". A dyak was a title of the chief of a structural division of a ''prikaz''. For example, "посольский дьяк" (''posolsky dyak'') is a ''dyak'' of the ''Posolsky Prikaz'' (Diplomacy Department). A duma dyak (думный дьяк) was the lowest rank in the Boyar Duma (15-17th centuries). Outside of the grand princely administration, dyaki were also found in ecclesiastical (episcopal) administrations, particularly in Veliky Novgorod. In this sense they may be more broadly defined as secretaries or clerks. According to the ''Life'' of Archbishop Iona of Novgorod (r. 1458-1470), although he was a poor orphan, the woman who raised him hired a dyak to teach him reading and writing. Chronicle sources also indicate that Archbishop Feofil (r. 1470-1480) had his dyak write up a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prikaz
A prikaz (russian: прика́з, ''prikaz''; , plural: ) was an administrative, judicial, territorial, or executive office functioning on behalf of palace, civil, military, or church authorities in Muscovy and in Russia from the 15th to the 18th centuries. The term usually suggests the functionality of a modern "ministry", "office" or "department". In modern Russian, ''prikaz'' literally means an "order". Most of the prikazes were subordinated to the Boyar Duma. Some of them (palace prikazes (russian: links=no, дворцовые приказы, ) were subordinated to the ''taynyi prikaz'' or ''pervyi prikaz'', which answered directly to the tsar. The patriarch of Moscow and All Russia had his own prikazes. History Originally, prikazes were created by private orders (russian: приказ, prikaz) given by the tsar to a certain person. The functions of the prikazy would be led by boyars and professional administrators. From 1512, the term "Prikaz" started to be used to refer t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Polyanovka
The Treaty of Polyanovka ( pl, Polanów, also known as the ''Peace of Polyanovka / Polanów'') was a peace treaty signed on 14 June 1634 between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia in the village of Semlevo located near the Polyanovka river between Vyazma and Dorogobuzh. The accord was signed in the aftermath of the Smolensk War. The negotiations began on 30 April after the failure of the Polish-Lithuanian siege of Belaya. Overall, the agreement confirmed the pre-war status quo, with Russia paying a large war indemnity (20,000 rubles in gold) for Władysław IV agreeing to surrender his claim to the Russian throne and return the royal insignia to Russia. Władysław, despite holding an upper hand, was trying to bring Russia into an anti-Sweden alliance; hence in a gesture of goodwill he agreed to give the Russians the border town of Serpeysk and nearby territories. However, the alliance never came through, as the Polish-Lithuanian Sejm, unwilling to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanovs
The House of Romanov (also transcribed Romanoff; rus, Романовы, Románovy, rɐˈmanəvɨ) was the reigning imperial house of Russia from 1613 to 1917. They achieved prominence after the Tsarina, Anastasia Romanova, was married to the First Tsar of Russia, Ivan the Terrible. The house became ''boyars'' (the highest rank in Russian nobility'')'' of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and later of the Tsardom of Russia under the reigning Rurik dynasty, which became extinct upon the death of Tsar Feodor I in 1598. The Time of Troubles, caused by the resulting succession crisis, saw several pretenders and imposters ( False Dmitris) fight for the crown during the Polish–Muscovite War of 1605–1618. On 21 February 1613, a ''Zemsky Sobor'' elected Michael Romanov as Tsar of Russia, establishing the Romanovs as Russia's second reigning dynasty. Michael's grandson Peter I, who established the Russian Empire in 1721, transformed the country into a great power through a series of war ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexey Lvov
Prince Alexey Mikhaylovich Lvov (Russian ''Алексей Михайлович Львов'', 158?-1653 or 1654) was a Russian Court Marshal for 20 years, and one of the most influential members of Michael of Russia's government. Lvov began his career as a deputy governor of Nizhny Novgorod (1610), Rylsk (1615), and Astrakhan (1618–20). In 1621 he was sent to the court of Danish king Christian IV with a Tsar's proposition to marry one of Christian's nieces, the Schleswig-Holsteinian princesses, but the mission failed completely. After his return, he was made a deputy chief of Pomestny Prikaz. In 1634, Lvov was one of two heads of Russian delegation in Russo-Polish negotiations which resulted in signing the Treaty of Polyanovka. After this success he was sent to Poland in 1635 as a head of an embassy to witness Władysław IV Vasa's oath of "eternal peace". In 1644 he once again went to Poland as Ambassador Plenipotentiary. In 1644, Lvov and Boris Morozov became main opponents ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patriarch Filaret (Feodor Romanov)
Feodor Nikitich Romanov (russian: Фео́дор Ники́тич Рома́нов, ; 1553 – 1 October 1633) was a Russian boyar who after temporary disgrace rose to become patriarch of Moscow as Filaret (russian: Филаре́т, ), and became de facto ruler of Russia during the reign of his son, Mikhail Feodorovich. Biography The second son of the prominent boyar Nikita Romanovich, Feodor was born in Moscow and was the first to bear the Romanov surname. During the reign of his first cousin Feodor I (1584–1598), young Feodor Romanov distinguished himself both as a soldier and a diplomat, fighting against the forces of John III of Sweden in 1590, and conducting negotiations with the ambassadors of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor from 1593 to 1594. He was made a boyar in 1583. On the death of the childless tsar, he was the popular candidate for the vacant throne; but he acquiesced in the election of Boris Godunov, and shared the disgrace of his too-powerful family three year ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
