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Fedayees
''Fedayi'' (Western hy, Ֆէտայի ''Fedayi''; Eastern hy, Ֆիդայի ''Fidayi''), also known as the Armenian irregular units or Armenian militia, were Armenian civilians who voluntarily left their families to form self-defense units and irregular armed bands in reaction to the mass murder of Armenians and the pillage of Armenian villages by criminals, Kurdish gangs, Turkish forces, and Hamidian guards during the reign of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II in late 19th and early 20th centuries, known as the Hamidian massacres. Their ultimate goal was always to gain Armenian autonomy ( Armenakans) or independence (Dashnaks, Hunchaks) depending on their ideology and the degree of oppression visited on Armenians. Some of the key Fedayi figures also participated in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution that commenced during the same period, upon agreement of the ARF leaders. The Armenian term ''fedayi'' is ultimately derived from Arabic fedayeen: ''fidā'īyūn'', literally ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dashnak
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation ( hy, Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն, ՀՅԴ ( classical spelling), abbr. ARF or ARF-D) also known as Dashnaktsutyun (collectively referred to as Dashnaks for short), is an Armenian nationalist and socialist political party founded in 1890 in Tiflis, Russian Empire (now Tbilisi, Georgia) by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian. Today the party operates in Armenia, Artsakh, Lebanon, Iran and in countries where the Armenian diaspora is present. Although it has long been the most influential political party in the Armenian diaspora, it has a comparatively smaller presence in modern-day Armenia. As of October 2021, the party was represented in three national parliaments with ten seats in the National Assembly of Armenia, three seats in the National Assembly of Artsakh and three seats in the Parliament of Lebanon as part of the March 8 Alliance. The ARF has traditionally advocated socialist democracy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian Revolutionary Federation
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation ( hy, Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն, ՀՅԴ ( classical spelling), abbr. ARF or ARF-D) also known as Dashnaktsutyun (collectively referred to as Dashnaks for short), is an Armenian nationalist and socialist political party founded in 1890 in Tiflis, Russian Empire (now Tbilisi, Georgia) by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian. Today the party operates in Armenia, Artsakh, Lebanon, Iran and in countries where the Armenian diaspora is present. Although it has long been the most influential political party in the Armenian diaspora, it has a comparatively smaller presence in modern-day Armenia. As of October 2021, the party was represented in three national parliaments with ten seats in the National Assembly of Armenia, three seats in the National Assembly of Artsakh and three seats in the Parliament of Lebanon as part of the March 8 Alliance. The ARF has traditionally advocated socialist democracy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kevork Chavush
Kevork Ghazarian ( hy, Գէորգ Ղազարեան; 1870 – 28 May 1907), commonly known as Kevork Chavush or Gevorg Chaush ( hy, Գէորգ Չաւուշ or Գևորգ Չաուշ), was an Armenian '' fedayee'' leader in the Ottoman Empire and a member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Kevork Chavush attained a legendary status during his lifetime for his extraordinary daring and valor in defense of the Armenian peasantry against harassment by marauding Turkish and Kurdish forces. He was the undisputed leader of Armenian revolutionary forces in the region of Taron- Sasun from 1904 until his death in 1907 after being wounded in a battle with the Ottoman army. Kevork's actions earned him the moniker "Lion of the Mountains" ( hy, Սարերու Ասլան). Early life Kevork Chavush was born Kevork Ghazarian (although his surname is given as Adamian or Melkonian in various sources) to a family of hunters in the region of Sasun, in the village of Mktink of the Psank (Psanat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian National Liberation Movement
The Armenian national movement ( hy, Հայ ազգային-ազատագրական շարժում ''Hay azgayin-azatagrakan sharzhum'') included social, cultural, but primarily political and military movements that reached their height during World War I and the following years, initially seeking improved status for Armenians in the Ottoman and Russian Empires but eventually attempting to achieve an Armenian state. Influenced by the Age of Enlightenment and the rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire, the Armenian national movement developed in the early 1860s. Its emergence was similar to that of movements in the Balkan nations, especially the Greek revolutionaries who fought the Greek War of Independence. The Armenian élite and various militant groups sought to defend the mostly rural Christian Armenian population of the eastern Ottoman Empire from banditry and abuses by Muslims, but the ultimate goal was to push for reforms in the six Armenian-populated vilayets of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenians In The Ottoman Empire
Armenians in the Ottoman Empire (or Ottoman Armenians) mostly belonged to either the Armenian Apostolic Church or the Armenian Catholic Church. They were part of the Armenian millet until the Tanzimat, Tanzimat reforms in the nineteenth century equalized all Ottoman citizens before the law. Armenians were a significant minority in the Empire. They played a crucial role in Ottoman industry and commerce, and Armenian communities existed in almost every major city of the empire. Despite their importance, Armenians were heavily persecuted by the Ottoman authorities especially from the latter half of the 19th century, culminating in the Armenian Genocide. Background The Ottomans introduced a number of unique approaches to governing into the traditions of Muslim world, Islam. Islamic culture did not separate religious and secular matters. At first, the Sultan was the highest power in the land and had control over almost everything. However, a state organization began to take a mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamidiye (cavalry)
The ''Hamidiye'' regiments (literally meaning "belonging to Hamid", full official name ''Hamidiye Hafif Süvari Alayları'', Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments) were well-armed, irregular, mainly Sunni Kurdish but also Turkish, Circassian,Palmer, Alan, ''Verfall und Untergang des Osmanischen Reiches'', Heyne, München 1994 (engl. Original: London 1992), pp. 249, 258, 389. .Van Bruinessen, Martin''Agha, Shaikh and State - The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan'' London: Zed Books, 1992, p. 185. Van Bruinessen mentions the "occasional" recruiting of a Turkish tribe (the Qarapapakh) Turkmen, Shaw, Stanford J. and Ezel Kural Shaw, ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977, vol. 2, p. 246. Yörük,Öhrig, Bruno, ''Meinungen und Materialien zur Geschichte der Karakeçili Anatoliens'', in: Matthias S. Laubscher (Ed.), Münchener Ethnologische Abhandlungen, 20, Akademischer Verlag, München 1998 (Edition Anacon), zuglei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zeitun Rebellion (1895–1896)
Zeitoun, Zeytoun, Żejtun, Zaytoun, Zeitun, Zitouna, "Zetum" or Zeita (all derived from the Arabic word for "olive tree") may refer to: People * Abdullah Abu Zaitoun, Jordanian footballer * Mohammed Dib Zaitoun, Syrian politician and army general * Ariel Zeitoun (born 1945), French film director and producer * Oren Zeitouni, Israeli former professional association football player * Nassif Zeytoun, Syrian singer Places Armenia * Kanaker-Zeytun District, a district in Yerevan, the capital of Armenia ** Nor Zeytun, a town in this district Iran * Zeytun, Jahrom, Fars Province * Zeytun, Rostam, Fars Province * Zeytun, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad * Zeytun-e Sofla, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Malta * Żejtun * Għajn Żejtuna, an area in the town of Mellieħa Palestine * Zaytun Quarter, a quarter of Gaza's Old City * Zeitoun, Gaza, a district of Gaza City * Zeita (other), various towns called Zeita or Zeyta in the West Bank * Ein al-Zeitun, a depopulated village i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sasun Resistance (1894)
The Sasun rebellion of 1894, also known as the First Sasun resistance ( hy, Սասնո առաջին ապստամբութիւն), was the conflict between Ottoman Empire's Hamidiye forces and the Armenian fedayi belonging to the Armenian national movement's Hunchakian party in the Sasun region. Background The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party was an Armenian national movement active in the region. In 1894, Sultan Abdul Hamid II began to target the Armenian people in a precursor of the Hamidian massacres. This persecution strengthened devolution sentiment among Armenians. In Sasun Armenians were organized by Hunchak activists, such as Mihran Damadian, Hampartsoum Boyadjian (Medzn Mourad) and Hrayr Dzhoghk. Conflict Sasun was the location for the first notable battle in the Armenian resistance movement. The Armenians of Sasun confronted the Ottoman army and Kurdish irregulars at Sasun, succumbing to superior numbers. Foreign news agents protested vehemently against th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamidian Massacres
The Hamidian massacres also called the Armenian massacres, were massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in the mid-1890s. Estimated casualties ranged from 100,000 to 300,000, Akçam, Taner (2006) '' A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility'' p. 42, Metropolitan Books, New York resulting in 50,000 orphaned children. The massacres are named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II, who, in his efforts to maintain the imperial domain of the declining Ottoman Empire, reasserted pan-Islamism as a state ideology. Although the massacres were aimed mainly at the Armenians, in some cases they turned into indiscriminate anti-Christian pogroms, including the Diyarbekir massacres, where, at least according to one contemporary source, up to 25,000 Assyrians were also killed.. The massacres began in the Ottoman interior in 1894, before they became more widespread in the following years. The majority of the murders took place between 1894 and 1896. The m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bitlis Vilayet In Ottoman Empire (1900)
Bitlis ( hy, Բաղեշ '; ku, Bidlîs; ota, بتليس) is a city in southeastern Turkey and the capital of Bitlis Province. The city is located at an elevation of 1,545 metres, 15 km from Lake Van, in the steep-sided valley of the Bitlis River, a tributary of the Tigris. The local economy is mainly based on agricultural products which include fruits, grain and tobacco. Industry is fairly limited, and deals mainly with leatherworking, manufacture of tobacco products as well as weaving and dyeing of coarse cloth. Bitlis is connected to other urban centres by road, including Tatvan on Lake Van, 25 km to the northeast, and the cities of Muş (Mush), 100 km northwest, and Diyarbakır, 200 km to the west. The climate of Bitlis can be harsh, with long winters and heavy snowfalls. Summers are hot, and often humid. Since the local elections of March 2019, the Mayor of Bitlis is Nesrullah Tanğlay. History Ancient and medieval The origin of the name Bitlis is no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world, and its printing history dates back to the 1480s. Having been officially granted the legal right to print books by decree in 1586, it is the second oldest university press after Cambridge University Press. It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics known as the Delegates of the Press, who are appointed by the vice-chancellor of the University of Oxford. The Delegates of the Press are led by the Secretary to the Delegates, who serves as OUP's chief executive and as its major representative on other university bodies. Oxford University Press has had a similar governance structure since the 17th century. The press is located on Walton Street, Oxford, opposite Somerville College, in the inner suburb of Jericho. For the last 500 years, OUP has primarily focused on the publication of pedagogical texts and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fedayeen
Fedayeen ( ar, فِدائيّين ''fidāʼīyīn'' "self-sacrificers") is an Arabic term used to refer to various military groups willing to sacrifice themselves for a larger campaign. Etymology The term ''fedayi'' is derived from Arabic: ''fidā'īyūn'' , literally meaning: "those who sacrifice themselves". Per country Armenia Armenian fedayi groups acted as irregular militia troops to defend their lands during the Hamidian massacres and the CUP's genocidal policies. Egypt During the 1940s, groups of Egyptian civilians formed ''fedayeen'' groups to contest the British occupation of Egypt, which by then was limited to the region against the Suez Canal. The British Army had established numerous military outposts around the canal zone, which many Egyptians viewed as a violation of their national sovereignty. This opposition was not supported by the Egyptian government, though these ''fedayeen'' groups held broad support among the general public in Egypt. In 1951 "mobs o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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