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Feature Detection (nervous System)
Feature detection is a process by which the nervous system sorts or filters complex natural stimuli in order to extract behaviorally relevant sensory cue, cues that have a high probability of being associated with important objects or organisms in their environment, as opposed to irrelevant background or noise. ''Feature detectors'' are individual neurons—or groups of neurons—in the brain which code for perceptually significant stimuli. Early in the sensory pathway feature detectors tend to have simple properties; later they become more and more complex as the features to which they respond become more and more specific. For example, simple cells in the visual cortex of the domestic cat (''Felis catus''), respond to edges—a feature which is more likely to occur in objects and organisms in the environment. By contrast, the background of a natural visual environment tends to be noisy—emphasizing high spatial frequencies but lacking in extended edges. Responding selectively to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sensory Cue
In perceptual psychology, a sensory cue is a statistic or signal that can be extracted from the Sense, sensory input by a perceiver, that indicates the state of some property of the world that the perceiver is interested in perceiving. A ''cue'' is some organization of the data present in the signal which allows for meaningful extrapolation. For example, sensory cues include Visual system, visual cues, Auditory system, auditory cues, Haptic perception, haptic cues, Sense of smell, olfactory cues and Environmental psychology, environmental cues. Sensory cues are a fundamental part of theories of perception, especially theories of appearance (how things look). Concept There are two primary theory sets used to describe the roles of sensory cues in perception. One set of theories are based on the constructivist theory of perception, while the others are based on the ecological theory. Basing his views on the constructivist theory of perception, Helmholtz (1821–1894) held that the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jörg-Peter Ewert
Jörg-Peter Ewert (born 1938) is a German neurophysiologist and researcher in the field of Neuroethology. From 1973 to 2006, he served as a university professor (Chair of Zoology/Physiology) in the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the University of Kassel, Germany. Career From 1958 to 1965 Jörg-Peter Ewert studied the specialties biology, chemistry, and geography at the University of Göttingen. He graduated in 1965 and took up the specialty of zoology under the direction of the behavior physiologist Georg Birukow. The subject of Ewert's PhD (Dr.rer.nat.) dissertation was: "The influence of peripheral sensory and central nervous system responses on the readiness of the orienting movement in the common toad". Later he passed the state examination for the lecturing at secondary schools. After 1966, he was a scientific assistant at the zoological institute of the Darmstadt University of Technology at Darmstadt. First he worked under the developmental physiologist Wolfgang Luther ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pattern Recognition (psychology)
In psychology and cognitive neuroscience, pattern recognition is a cognitive process that matches information from a Stimulus (psychology), stimulus with information Recall (memory), retrieved from memory.Eysenck, Michael W.; Keane, Mark T. (2003). Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook (4th ed.). Hove; Philadelphia; New York: Taylor & Francis. . OCLC 894210185. Retrieved 27 November 2014. Pattern recognition occurs when information from the environment is received and entered into short-term memory, causing automatic activation of a specific content of long-term memory. An example of this is learning the alphabet in order. When a carer repeats "A, B, C" multiple times to a child, the child, using pattern recognition, says "C" after hearing "A, B" in order. Recognizing patterns allows anticipation of what is to come. Making the connection between memories and information perceived is a step in pattern recognition called identification. Pattern recognition requires repetition ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neuroethology
Neuroethology is the evolutionary and comparative approach to the study of animal behavior and its underlying mechanistic control by the nervous system. It is an interdisciplinary science that combines both neuroscience (study of the nervous system) and ethology (study of animal behavior in natural conditions). A central theme of neuroethology, which differentiates it from other branches of neuroscience, is its focus on behaviors that have been favored by natural selection (e.g., finding mates, navigation, locomotion, and predator avoidance) rather than on behaviors that are specific to a particular disease state or laboratory experiment. Neuroethologists hope to uncover general principles of the nervous system from the study of animals with exaggerated or specialized behaviors. They endeavor to understand how the nervous system translates biologically relevant stimuli into natural behavior. For example, many bats are capable of echolocation which is used for prey capture and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pteronotus Parnellii
Parnell's mustached bat (''Pteronotus parnellii'') is an insectivorous bat native to the Americas. It ranges from southern Sonora, Mexico, south to Brazil. It has a wider historical range; fossil specimens have been collected on the island of New Providence in the Bahamas. The bat was named for the British zoologist Richard Parnell. Biology This is a large bat with a forearm length of about . The ears are short and pointed, and lack noseleafs. The lips are wrinkled up and modified into a funnel shape. This bat is most common in moist habitat types, and it can be found in some dry deciduous forests. It is mostly nocturnal, roosting in caves and mines during the day and emerging shortly after sunset for five to seven hours of activity. Parnell's mustached bat is an insectivore, taking a variety of insects such as beetles, moths, flies, and dragonflies. While many insectivorous bats prefer river habitats for the availability of aquatic insects, it generally hunts in non-river ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frequency Modulated
Frequency modulation (FM) is a signal modulation technique used in electronic communication, originally for transmitting messages with a radio wave. In frequency modulation a carrier wave is varied in its instantaneous frequency in proportion to a property, primarily the instantaneous amplitude, of a message signal, such as an audio signal. The technology is used in telecommunications, radio broadcasting, signal processing, and computing. In analog frequency modulation, such as radio broadcasting of voice and music, the instantaneous frequency deviation, i.e. the difference between the frequency of the carrier and its center frequency, has a functional relation to the modulating signal amplitude. Digital data can be encoded and transmitted with a type of frequency modulation known as frequency-shift keying (FSK), in which the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is shifted among a set of frequencies. The frequencies may represent digits, such as ''0'' and ''1''. FSK is w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nobuo Suga
Nobuo Suga (born December 17, 1933) is a Japanese biologist noted for his research on the neurophysiology of hearing, and echolocation in bats. Life After earning a bachelor's degree in biology at Tokyo Metropolitan University in 1958, Nobuo studied for his doctoral thesis on the neurophysiology of hearing with Yatsuji Katsuki at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University. His early research attracted the attention of Vincent Wigglesworth of Cambridge University, a prominent insect researcher, and Donald Griffin of Harvard University, who studied bats. From there, his career took him to UCLA and UC San Diego School of Medicine, before finally arriving at Washington University in St. Louis. Suga became a U.S. citizen in 1993, prompted by an incident at St. Louis Lambert International Airport where a customs agent couldn't recognize Suga's picture on his green card, issued in 1966. Work Suga's work revealed much about the location and function of auditory system in the brain. Whilst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jamming Avoidance Response
The jamming avoidance response is a behavior of some species of electric fish#Strongly and weakly electric fish, weakly electric fish. It occurs when two electric fish with wave discharges meet – if their discharge frequency, frequencies are very similar, each fish shifts its discharge frequency to increase the difference between the two. By doing this, both fish prevent jamming of their sense of electroreception. The behavior has been most intensively studied in the South American species ''Glass knifefish, Eigenmannia virescens''. It is also present in other Gymnotiformes such as ''Apteronotus'', as well as in the African species ''Gymnarchus niloticus''. The jamming avoidance response was one of the first complex behavioral responses in a vertebrate to have its neural circuitry completely specified. As such, it holds special significance in the field of neuroethology. Discovery The jamming avoidance response (JAR) was discovered by Akira Watanabe and Kimihisa Takeda in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ampullary Receptor
Electroreception and electrogenesis are the closely related biological abilities to perceive electrical stimuli and to generate electric fields. Both are used to locate prey; stronger electric discharges are used in a few groups of fishes, such as the electric eel, to stun prey. The capabilities are found almost exclusively in aquatic or amphibious animals, since water is a much better conductor of electricity than air. In passive electrolocation, objects such as prey are detected by sensing the electric fields they create. In active electrolocation, fish generate a weak electric field and sense the different distortions of that field created by objects that conduct or resist electricity. Active electrolocation is practised by two groups of weakly electric fish, the order Gymnotiformes (knifefishes) and family Mormyridae (elephantfishes), and by the monotypic genus ''Gymnarchus'' (African knifefish). An electric fish generates an electric field using an electric organ, modified ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eigenmannia
''Eigenmannia'' is a genus of fish in the family Sternopygidae (glass knifefishes) native to tropical and subtropical South America (south to the Río de la Plata Basin), and Panama.Peixoto, L.A.W., Dutra, G.M. & Wosiacki, W.B. (2015). The Electric Glass Knifefishes of the ''Eigenmannia trilineata'' species-group (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae): monophyly and description of seven new species. ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175 (2): 384–414.'' They are typically found in slow-flowing streams, along the edge of large rivers, in deep river channels and in floodplains, and the genus also includes ''E. vicentespelaea'', the only cave-adapted knifefish. ''Eigenmannia'' are often found near submerged roots, aquatic plants and floating meadows. Depending on the exact species, they have a maximum total length of . They are nocturnal, and feed on small invertebrates such as aquatic insect larvae and zooplankton Zooplankton are the heterotrophic component of the planktoni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electric Fish
An electric fish is any fish that can Bioelectrogenesis, generate electric fields, whether to sense things around them, for defence, or to stun prey. Most fish able to produce shocks are also electroreceptive, meaning that they can sense electric fields. The only exception is the Uranoscopidae, stargazer family (Uranoscopidae). Electric fish, although a small minority of all fishes, include both oceanic and freshwater species, and both cartilaginous and bony fishes. Electric fish produce their electrical fields from an Electric organ (biology), electric organ. This is made up of electrocytes, modified muscle or nerve cells, specialized for producing strong electric fields, used to locate prey, for Anti-predator adaptation, defence against predators, and for Signalling theory, signalling, such as in courtship. Electric organ discharges are two types, pulse and wave, and vary both by species and by function. Electric fish have evolved many specialised behaviours. The predatory Cla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
