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Faramosh Khaneh
Faramosh Khaneh () was one of the most influential secret societies during the constitutional period in Iran, based on Masonic lodges founded by Mirza Malkam Khan, an Iranian intellectual and writer. The idea of the Faramosh Khaneh was introduced during the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah after Mirza Malkam Khan returned to Iran from a trip to Britain, and with the consent of Nasser al-Din Shah, the House of Forgetfulness was established in 1859. The Faramosh Khaneh ideology was rooted in Malkam Khan's teachings of the socio-political teachings of nineteenth-century Europe, especially the French Revolution: teachings such as liberalism and humanism. Despite Malkam Khan's preparations, the wave of opposition rose very quickly. Although the internal organization of Faramosh Khaneh was derived from those Freemasonry lodges in Europe, Malkam Khan's Faramosh Khaneh had nothing to do with European Freemasonry circles. Due to the lack of any kind of assembly and political group, Faramos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mirza Malkam Khan
Mirza Melkum Khan - Joseph (Hovsep) Melkumyan (1834–1908), also spelled as ''Melkum Khan'', was an Iranian modernist writer, diplomat, and publicist. He is known for his social reform efforts, as well as for being the first Christian to adopt the title of 'Mirza' in Persian. He is considered one of the fathers of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. Biography Melkum Khan was born to an Armenian Christian family in Iran and educated at the Samuel Muradian school in Paris from 1843 to 1851. He later returned to Iran and entered government service. He was elected as instructor at the newly established Polytechnic in Tehran called Dar ul-Funun, in 1852. He went to Paris in the diplomatic service in 1857.Nikki R. Keddie, with a section by Yann Richard, ''Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution'' (Yale University Press, New Haven, 2006), . pp. 431-32. Melkum Khan introduced societies similar to the Freemasons in Iran in 1859, and was exiled by Nasser ad-Din Shah for doing so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iranian Enlightenment
The Iranian Enlightenment (), sometimes called the first generation of intellectual movements in Iran (), brought new ideas into traditional Iranian society from the mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth century. During the rule of the Qajar dynasty, and especially after the defeat of Iran Russo-Persian War (1826–1828), in its war with the Russian Empire, cultural exchanges led to the formation of new ideas among the educated class of Iran. This military defeat also encouraged the Qajar commanders to overcome Iran's backwardness. The establishment of Dar ul-Funun (Persia), Dar ul-Fonun, the first modern university in Iran and the arrival of foreign professors, caused the thoughts of Age of Enlightenment, European thinkers to enter Iran, followed by the first signs of enlightenment and intellectual movements in Iran. During this period, intellectual groups were formed in Secret society, secret societies and secret associations. These secret societies included Mirza Malkam Khan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freemasonry
Freemasonry or Masonry refers to fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local guilds of stonemasons that, from the end of the 13th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. Modern Freemasonry broadly consists of two main recognition groups: * Regular Freemasonry insists that a volume of scripture be open in a working lodge, that every member profess belief in a Supreme Being, that no women be admitted, and that the discussion of religion and politics be banned. * Continental Freemasonry consists of the jurisdictions that have removed some, or all, of these restrictions. The basic, local organisational unit of Freemasonry is the Lodge. These private Lodges are usually supervised at the regional level (usually coterminous with a state, province, or national border) by a Grand Lodge or Grand Orient. There is no international, worldwide Grand Lodge that supervises all of Freemasonry; each Grand Lod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of The Iranian Constitutional Revolution
''History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution'' ( fa, تاریخ مشروطهٔ ایران) is a non-fiction book by the Iranian historian Ahmad Kasravi. Cited as the most accurate account of the Persian Constitutional Revolution, it chronicles the event and the ensuing struggle of the revolution that took place between 1905 and 1911 in Persia (known today as Iran). The book was originally written in 1940 in Persian. In 2006, the first volume of the book was translated to English and published by American scholar Evan Siegel. Books * Ahmad Kasravi, ''Tarikh-e Mashruteh-ye Iran'' (تاریخ مشروطهٔ ایران) (History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution), in Persian, 951 p. (Negāh Publications, Tehran, 2003), . :Note: This book is also available in two volumes, published by ''Amir Kabir Publications'' in 1984. ''Amir Kabir's'' 1961 edition is in one volume, 934 pages. * Ahmad Kasravi, ''History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution: Tarikh-e Mashrute-ye Ir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hajj Sayyah
Mirza Mohammad Ali (Persian: میرزا محمد علی), better known as Hajj Sayyah (Persian: حاج سياح "the traveler", 1836–1925), was a famous Iranian American world traveler and political activist. He is the first Iranian to obtain American citizenship. According to a decree issued by the District Court of the 12th Judicial District of the State of California, he naturalized on May 26, 1875. Early life Hajj Sayyah was born in 1836 in the town of Mahallat, Sublime State of Iran. His studies exposed him at a young age to modern and democratic ideas that were then spreading throughout parts of the world. The stark difference that he observed between the treatment suffered by most Persia under their autocratic rulers and those ideas he studied inspired him to see the rest of the world. Journey At the age of 23, Hajj Sayyah embarked on a remarkable journey around the globe, and which would last for nearly 18 years. He began his travels by wandering throughout Central Asi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freethought
Freethought (sometimes spelled free thought) is an epistemological viewpoint which holds that beliefs should not be formed on the basis of authority, tradition, revelation, or dogma, and that beliefs should instead be reached by other methods such as logic, reason, and empirical observation. According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', a freethinker is "a person who forms their own ideas and opinions rather than accepting those of other people, especially in religious teaching." In some contemporary thought in particular, free thought is strongly tied with rejection of traditional social or religious belief systems. The cognitive application of free thought is known as "freethinking", and practitioners of free thought are known as "freethinkers". Modern freethinkers consider free thought to be a natural freedom from all negative and illusive thoughts acquired from society. The term first came into use in the 17th century in order to refer to people who inquired into the bas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iranian Armenians
Iranian-Armenians ( hy, իրանահայեր ''iranahayer''), also known as Persian-Armenians ( hy, պարսկահայեր ''parskahayer''), are Iranians of Armenian ethnicity who may speak Armenian as their first language. Estimates of their number in Iran range from 70,000 to 200,000. Areas with a high concentration of them include Tabriz, Tehran, Salmas and Isfahan's Jolfa (Nor Jugha) quarter. Armenians have lived for millennia in the territory that forms modern-day Iran. Many of the oldest Armenian churches, monasteries, and chapels are located within modern-day Iran. Iranian Armenia, which includes modern-day Armenian Republic was part of Qajar Iran up to 1828. Iran had one of the largest populations of Armenians in the world alongside neighboring Ottoman Empire until the beginning of the 20th century. Armenians were influential and active in the modernization of Iran during the 19th and 20th centuries. After the Iranian Revolution, many Armenians emigrated to Armen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Paris (1857)
The Treaty of Paris (1857) marked the end of the hostilities of the Anglo-Persian War. On the Persian side negotiations were handled by ambassador Ferukh Khan. The two sides signed the peace treaty on 4 March 1857.''The Middle East and North Africa'' 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, Lucy Dean p.36/ref> In the Treaty, the Persians agreed to withdraw from Herat, to apologise to the British ambassador on his return, and to sign a commercial treaty; the British agreed not to shelter opponents of the Shah in the embassy, and they abandoned the demand to replace prime minister as well as one requiring territorial concessions to the Imam of Muscat, a British ally. See also * Greater Iran * Franco-Persian alliance * British Occupation of Bushehr The British Occupation of Bushehr or Bushire under British Occupation refers to the three times British forces entered Bushehr and occupied this area in Iran during the rule of Qajar dynasty, before and during the World War I. The importance o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Farrokh Khan
Farrokh Khan ( fa, فرخ خان; also spelled Ferouk Khan, Feruk Khan and Ferukh Khan), also known by his title of Amin od-dowleh (), was a high-ranking Persian official, and vice premier to the court of the shah of Qajar Fath-Ale Shah. He was also the Persian ambassador to the emperor of France, Napoleon III, and the queen of Great Britain, Queen Victoria. The visit followed the outbreak of the Anglo-Persian War (1856–1857) between Persia and Great Britain. Biography Farrokh was born in 1812 to a family who belonged to the Ghaffari clan. He was the grandson of Ghazi Mo'ezz od-Din Mohammad Ghaffari, and a cousin of two painters named Abu'l-Hasan Mostafi and Abu'l-Hasan Sani od-Molk. When Farrokh was a young boy he was sent to the court of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar in Tehran. In 1833, he participated in Mohammad Mirza's siege of Herat. In 1836 Mohammad Shah sent Farrokh to Mazandaran to suppress a rebellion, which he managed to accomplish. One year later, he suppressed rebellions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jalal Al-Din Mirza Qajar
Jalal al-Din Mirza ( fa, جلال الدین میرزا; 1827-1872) was an Iranian historian and freethinker, born in Tehran. He wrote a semi-historical book about the history of Iran named '' Name-ye Khosrovan'', potentially one of the first comprehensive nationalistic works about the country. Biography Jalal al-Din Mirza was born in 1827 at the court in Tehran, the capital of Qajar Iran. He was the fifty-fifth son of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (). His mother was a Kurdish woman named Homai Khanum, from Mazandaran. During this period, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, in the last years of his reign, had stepped down and devoted himself to a life of relaxation and creation of more offsprings. Being one of the last sons of Fath-Ali Shah meant that Jalal al-Din Mirza was a low-ranking member of the Qajar family, which made him insignificant in the affairs of the family. However, Jalal al-Din Mirza still had access to some benefits that the royal family enjoyed, particularly education. Part of his educat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secret Society
A secret society is a club or an organization whose activities, events, inner functioning, or membership are concealed. The society may or may not attempt to conceal its existence. The term usually excludes covert groups, such as intelligence agencies or guerrilla warfare insurgencies, that hide their activities and memberships but maintain a public presence. Definitions The exact qualifications for labeling a group a secret society are disputed, but definitions generally rely on the degree to which the organization insists on secrecy, and might involve the retention and transmission of secret knowledge, the denial of membership or knowledge of the group, the creation of personal bonds between members of the organization, and the use of secret rites or rituals which solidify members of the group. Anthropologically and historically, secret societies have been deeply interlinked with the concept of the Männerbund, the all-male "warrior-band" or "warrior-society" of pre-modern cu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dar Ul-Funun (Persia)
Dār ul-Funun ( fa, دارالفنون , meaning "polytechnic college"), established by the Royal Vizier to Nasereddin Shah in 1851, is the oldest institute of higher learning in Iran. Introduction Founded by Amir Kabir, then the royal vizier to Nasereddin Shah, the Shah of Persia, Dār al-Funun originally was conceived as a polytechnic to train upper-class Persian youth in medicine, engineering, military science, and geology. It was similar in scope and purpose to American land grant colleges like Purdue and Texas A&M. Like them, it developed and expanded its mission over the next hundred years, eventually becoming the University of Tehran. The institute was planned by the Iranian educated Mirzā Rezā Mohandes ( fa), and built by the architect Mohammad-Taqi Khān Memār-Bāshi ( fa) under the supervision of the Qajar prince Bahrām Mirzā. Facilities such as an assembly hall, a theater, library, cafeteria, and a publishing house were built for the institute. In 1930, the bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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