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Factional Violence In Libya (2011–2014)
Following the end of the First Libyan Civil War, which overthrew Muammar Gaddafi, there was violence involving various militias and the new state security forces. This violence has escalated into the Second Libyan Civil War (2014–2020). The militias included guerrillas, Islamists, and militias who fought against Gaddafi but refused to lay down their arms when the war ended in October 2011. According to some civilian leaders, these latter militias shifted from merely delaying the surrender of their weapons to actively asserting a continuing political role as "guardians of the revolution". Some of the largest, and most well-equipped militias were associated with Islamist groups that were forming political parties. Before the official end of hostilities between loyalist and opposition forces, there were reports of sporadic clashes between rival militias, and vigilante revenge killings. In September 2012, Islamists attacked the United States consulate building in Benghazi, killi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Libyan Crisis (2011–present)
The Libyan Crisis refers to the current humanitarian crisis and political-military instability occurring in Libya, beginning with the Arab Spring protests of 2011, which led to a civil war, foreign military intervention, and the ousting and death of Muammar Gaddafi. The civil war's aftermath and proliferation of armed groups led to violence and instability across the country, which erupted into renewed civil war in 2014. The crisis in Libya has resulted in tens of thousands of casualties since the onset of violence in early 2011. During both civil wars, the output of Libya's economically crucial oil industry collapsed to a small fraction of its usual level, with most facilities blockaded or damaged by rival groups, despite having the largest oil reserves of any African country. On October 23, 2020, parties signed a permanent ceasefire. Background The history of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi spanned 42 years from 1969 to 2011. Gaddafi became the ''de facto'' leader of the cou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaddafi Loyalism After The Libyan Civil War
Gaddafi loyalism, in a wider political and social sense also known as Green resistance, consists of sympathetic sentiment towards the overthrown government of Muammar Gaddafi, who was killed in October 2011. It has been responsible for some of the ongoing violence in Libya, though the degree of its involvement has been disputed in a number of instances. Sympathy for Gaddafi and his fallen government is viewed rather negatively by current Libyan authorities—both the legal government and extralegal militias— and even accusations of it can provoke harsh responses. In May 2012, the postwar government passed legislation imposing severe penalties for anyone giving favourable publicity to Gaddafi, his family, their regime or ideas, as well as anything denigrating the new government and its institutions or otherwise judged to be damaging to public morale. Derisively called ''tahloob'' ("algae") by anti-Gaddafi Libyans, suspected loyalists have faced strong persecution following t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2012 Benghazi Attack
The 2012 Benghazi attack was a coordinated attack against two Federal government of the United States, United States government facilities in Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya, by members of the Islamic militant group Ansar al-Sharia (Libya), Ansar al-Sharia. On September 11, 2012, at 9:40 pm local time, members of Ansar al-Sharia attacked the American diplomatic compound in Benghazi resulting in the deaths of both U.S. Ambassador, United States Ambassador to Libya J. Christopher Stevens and United States Foreign Service, U.S. Foreign Service Information Management Officer Sean Smith (diplomat), Sean Smith. At around 4:00 a.m. on September 12, the group launched a Mortar (weapon), mortar attack against a Central Intelligence Agency, CIA annex approximately away, killing two CIA contractors Tyrone S. Woods and Glen Doherty and wounding ten others. Initial analysis by the CIA, repeated by top government officials, indicated that the attack spontaneously arose from a protest. Subse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islamism
Islamism (also often called political Islam or Islamic fundamentalism) is a political ideology which posits that modern states and regions should be reconstituted in constitutional, economic and judicial terms, in accordance with what is conceived as a revival or a return to authentic Islamic practice in its totality. Ideologies dubbed Islamist may advocate a " revolutionary" strategy of Islamizing society through exercise of state power, or alternately a "reformist" strategy to re-Islamizing society through grassroots social and political activism. Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994: p. 24 Islamists may emphasize the implementation of sharia, pan-Islamic political unity, the creation of Islamic states, or the outright removal of non-Muslim influences; particularly of Western or universal economic, military, political, social, or cultural nature in the Muslim world; that they believe to be incompatible with Islam and a form of Western neocolonialism. Some a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi, . Due to the lack of standardization of transcribing written and regionally pronounced Arabic, Gaddafi's name has been romanized in various ways. A 1986 column by ''The Straight Dope'' lists 32 spellings known from the US Library of Congress, while ABC identified 112 possible spellings. A 2007 interview with Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam Gaddafi confirms that Saif spelled his own name Qadhafi and the passport of Gaddafi's son Mohammed used the spelling Gathafi. According to Google Ngram the variant Qaddafi was slightly more widespread, followed by Qadhafi, Gaddafi and Gadhafi. Scientific romanizations of the name are Qaḏḏāfī ( DIN, Wehr, ISO) or (rarely used) Qadhdhāfī (ALA-LC). The Libyan Arabic pronunciation is (eastern dialects) or (western dialects), hence the frequent quasi-phonemic romanization Gaddafi for the latter. In English, it is pronounced or . (, 20 October 2011) was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and politic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahmed Abu Khattala
Ahmed Salim Faraj Abu Khattala (born May 7, 1971) is an incarcerated Libyan, who commanded a small militia during the 2011 uprising against Qaddafi. He participated in the 2012 Benghazi attack on the American diplomatic mission at Benghazi, in which Ambassador J. Christopher Stevens and three other Americans were killed. In a December 2013 article about the attack, ''The New York Times'' described him as a central figure in the attack according to Libyan witnesses, although he had no known affiliations with terrorist groups. Abu Khattala denied killing the Americans or being part of the attack. In his trial in U.S. federal court in 2017, Abu Khattala was acquitted of 14 charges, including murder, but convicted of four lesser terrorism-related crimes.Adam Goldman & Charlie SavageLibyan Convicted of Terrorism in Benghazi Attacks but Acquitted of Murder ''The New York Times'' (November 28, 2017). Early life Abu Khattala grew up in el-Leithi, a Benghazi neighborhood named for th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi
Saif al-Islam Muammar al-Gaddafi ( ar, سيف الإسلام معمر القذافي; born 25 June 1972) is a Libyan political figure. He is the second son of the late Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and his second wife Safia Farkash. He was a part of his father's inner circle, performing public relations and diplomatic roles on his behalf. He publicly turned down his father's offer of the country's second highest post and held no official government position. According to United States Department of State officials in Tripoli, during his father's reign, he was the second most widely recognized person in Libya, being at times the ''de facto'' prime minister, and was mentioned as a possible successor, though he rejected this. An arrest warrant was issued for him on 27 June 2011 by the International Criminal Court (ICC) for charges of crimes against humanity against the Libyan people, for killing and persecuting civilians, under Articles 7(1)(a) and 7(1)(h) of the Rome statute. He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Libya Shield 1
Libya Shield 1 was an Islamist armed group in Benghazi and eastern Libya. It is nominally part of the Libya Shield Force and is a member of the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries The Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries ( ar, مجلس شورى ثوار بنغازي, ''Majlis Shura Thuwar Benghazi'') is a military coalition in Benghazi composed of Islamist and jihadist militias, including Ansar al-Sharia, Libya Shield .... History The Libyan Ministry of Defense, under decision No. 29, formed and named Libya Shield Forces on 3 August 2012. Decision No. 29 states, "A brigade shall be formed in the Central Region of Libya and is to be called Libya Shield – The forces of the Central Brigade shall consist, in general, of rebels from the following regions, Misrata, Sirte, Jafra, Bani Walid, Terhuna, Alkhmuss, Mslath and Zliten. Colonel Mohammed Ibrahim Moussa shall be the commander of the brigade and shall be stationed in Misrata." This decision was signed by the Libya ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ansar Al-Sharia (Libya)
Ansar al-Sharia in Libya (ASL, ar, أنصار الشريعة بليبيا, English: Supporters of Islamic Law) was a Salafist Islamist militia and Al-Qaeda-aligned group that advocated the implementation of Sharia law across Libya. Ansar al-Sharia came into being in 2011, during the Libyan Civil War. Until January 2015, it was led by its "Amir", Muhammad al-Zahawi. As part of its strategy, the organization targeted specific Libyan and American civilians for death and took part in the 2012 Benghazi attack. The group was designated as a terrorist organization by the United Nations, Iraq, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States. On 27 May 2017, the group announced it was formally dissolving itself, amid heavy losses that killed most of its leadership and decimated its fighters. Background Ansar al-Sharia was formed during the First Libyan Civil War and rose to prominence after the killing of Muammar Gaddafi. Made up of former rebels from the Ab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Arab
''Al-Arab'' or ''Alarab'' ( ar, العرب meaning ''The Arabs'') is a pan-Arab newspaper published from London, England, and sold in a number of countries. History and profile The paper was launched in London on 1 June 1977, as a secular pan-Arab daily. Ahmed el-Houni, a former Libyan minister of information, was the owner and editor-in-chief of the daily. ''Al-Arab'' sometimes reflected official Libyan government views and was run, as of 2004, by the Hounis as a family business, producing 10,000 copies that were also being printed in Tunisia and distributed throughout the Arab world, with the exception of some countries where it was banned. It has undergone a series of expansions over the years, which included the launching of sister publications such as the magazine ''Al-Jadid'' and ''The Arab Weekly''. Its 10,000th issue, consisting of 24 pages, was published on 7 August 2015 and featured Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and the New Suez Canal on its front page. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Youm7
''Youm7'' ( ar, اليوم السابع, , meaning ''The Seventh Day'') is an Egyptian privately owned daily newspaper. It was first published as a weekly paper in October 2008 and has been published daily since May 2011. It is published in Arabic. The paper was twice selected by ''Forbes Middle East'' as having the most effective news website in the Middle East. ''Youm7'' reportedly has the most-visited website of any Egyptian newspaper. On 6 October 2013 it launched an English news website called The Cairo Post. History Founding and profile ''Youm7'' was first published as a weekly paper in October 2008 and has been published daily since 31 May 2011. Editor Khaled Salah said shortly after the paper's expansion to daily publication that ''Youm7'' "supports the popular need for a civil state and will strive to present facts to readers without political bias and with credible representation of diverse views." According to internet information service Alexa Internet, 59% of vi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shura Council Of Benghazi Revolutionaries
The Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries ( ar, مجلس شورى ثوار بنغازي, ''Majlis Shura Thuwar Benghazi'') is a military coalition in Benghazi composed of Islamist and jihadist militias, including Ansar al-Sharia, Libya Shield 1, and several other groups. History The force was initially formed in June 2014, in response both to the anti-Islamist Operation Dignity being led by Khalifa Haftar, and also the defeat of Islamist candidates in the 2014 Council of Deputies election. Afraid of being sidelined and defeated, several Islamist brigades united under a shared umbrella. The consolidation and restructuring allowed the Islamist brigades to limit the success of Haftar's Operation Dignity, before allowing the Islamist groups to push back against the outnumbered forces allied to Haftar. On 14 July 2014, the council claimed it had taken over Barrack 319, which is one of the largest army barracks in eastern Libya. In late July, they took control of more than five oth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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