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FORM (symbolic Manipulation System)
FORM is a symbolic manipulation system. It reads text files containing definitions of mathematical expressions as well as statements that tell it how to manipulate these expressions. Its original author is Jos Vermaseren of NIKHEF, Nikhef, the Dutch institute for subatomic physics. It is widely used in the theoretical particle physics community, but it is not restricted to applications in this specific field. Features *Definition of mathematical expressions containing various objects (symbols, functions, indices, ...) with elementary arithmetic operations *Arbitrary long mathematical expressions (limited only by disk space) *Multi-threaded execution, parallelized version for computer clusters *Powerful pattern matching and replacing *Fast trace calculation especially of gamma matrices *Built-in mathematical functions *Output into various formats (plain text, Fortran code, Mathematica code) *External communication with other software programs Example usage A text file containing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jos Vermaseren
Jos is a city in the North-Central region of Nigeria. The city has a population of about 900,000 residents based on the 2006 census. Popularly called "J-Town", it is the administrative capital and largest city of Plateau State. The city is situated on the Jos plateau which lies within the Guinean forest–savanna mosaic, Guinea Savannah of North-Central Nigeria. It connects most of the North-Eastern capitals to the Federal Capital Territory Abuja, by road. Driving in and out of Jos, traffic encounters very steep and windy bends and mountainous sceneries typical of the plateau, from which the state derives its name. During the period of Colonial Nigeria, British colonial rule, Jos became an important centre for Tin, tin mining after large deposits of cassiterite, the main ore for the metal, were discovered. It is also the trading hub of Plateau State as commercial activities are steadily increasing. History The earliest known settlers of the land that would come to be known as N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schoonschip
Schoonschip was one of the first computer algebra systems, developed in 1963 by Martinus J. G. Veltman, for use in particle physics. "Schoonschip" refers to the Dutch expression "schoon schip maken": to make a clean sweep, to clean/clear things up (literally: to make the ship clean). The name was chosen "among others to annoy everybody, who could not speak Dutch". Veltman initially developed the program to compute the quadrupole moment of the W boson, the computation of which involved "a monstrous expression involving in the order of 50,000 terms in intermediate stages" The initial version, dating to December 1963, ran on an IBM 7094 mainframe. In 1966 it was ported to the CDC 6600 mainframe, and later to most of the rest of Control Data's CDC line. In 1983 it was ported to the Motorola 68000 microprocessor, allowing its use on a number of 68000-based systems running variants of Unix. FORM can be regarded, in a sense, as the successor to Schoonschip. Contacts with Veltm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Free Software Programmed In C
Free may refer to: Concept * Freedom, the ability to act or change without constraint or restriction * Emancipate, attaining civil and political rights or equality * Free (''gratis''), free of charge * Gratis versus libre, the difference between the two common meanings of the adjective "free". Computing * Free (programming), a function that releases dynamically allocated memory for reuse * Free software, software usable and distributable with few restrictions and no payment *, an emoji in the Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement block. Mathematics * Free object ** Free abelian group ** Free algebra ** Free group ** Free module ** Free semigroup * Free variable People * Free (surname) * Free (rapper) (born 1968), or Free Marie, American rapper and media personality * Free, a pseudonym for the activist and writer Abbie Hoffman * Free (active 2003–), American musician in the band FreeSol Arts and media Film and television * ''Free'' (film), a 2001 American dram ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Algebra Systems
A computer algebra system (CAS) or symbolic algebra system (SAS) is any mathematical software with the ability to manipulate mathematical expressions in a way similar to the traditional manual computations of mathematicians and scientists. The development of the computer algebra systems in the second half of the 20th century is part of the discipline of "computer algebra" or "symbolic computation", which has spurred work in algorithms over mathematical objects such as polynomials. Computer algebra systems may be divided into two classes: specialized and general-purpose. The specialized ones are devoted to a specific part of mathematics, such as number theory, group theory, or teaching of elementary mathematics. General-purpose computer algebra systems aim to be useful to a user working in any scientific field that requires manipulation of mathematical expressions. To be useful, a general-purpose computer algebra system must include various features such as: *a user interface all ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quanta Magazine
''Quanta Magazine'' is an editorially independent online publication of the Simons Foundation covering developments in physics, mathematics, biology and computer science. History ''Quanta Magazine'' was initially launched as ''Simons Science News'' in October 2012, but it was renamed to its current title in July 2013. It was founded by the former ''New York Times'' journalist Thomas Lin, who was the magazine's editor-in-chief until 2024. The two deputy editors are John Rennie and Michael Moyer, formerly of ''Scientific American'', and the art director is Samuel Velasco. In 2024, Samir Patel became the magazine's second editor in chief. Content The articles in the magazine are freely available to read online. ''Scientific American'', ''Wired'', ''The Atlantic'', and ''The Washington Post'', as well as international science publications like '' Spektrum der Wissenschaft'', have reprinted articles from the magazine. In November 2018, MIT Press The MIT Press is the uni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiple Zeta Values
In mathematics, the multiple zeta functions are generalizations of the Riemann zeta function, defined by :\zeta(s_1,\ldots,s_k) = \sum_\ \frac = \sum_\ \prod_^k \frac,\! and converge when Re(''s''1) + ... + Re(''s''''i'') > ''i'' for all ''i''. Like the Riemann zeta function, the multiple zeta functions can be analytically continued to be meromorphic functions (see, for example, Zhao (1999)). When ''s''1, ..., ''s''''k'' are all positive integers (with ''s''1 > 1) these sums are often called multiple zeta values (MZVs) or Euler sums. These values can also be regarded as special values of the multiple polylogarithms. The ''k'' in the above definition is named the "depth" of a MZV, and the ''n'' = ''s''1 + ... + ''s''''k'' is known as the "weight". The standard shorthand for writing multiple zeta functions is to place repeating strings of the argument within braces and use a superscript to indicate the nu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beta Function (physics)
In theoretical physics, specifically quantum field theory, a beta function or Gell-Mann–Low function, ''β(g)'', encodes the dependence of a coupling parameter, ''g'', on the energy scale, ''μ'', of a given physical process described by quantum field theory. It is defined by the Gell-Mann–Low equation or renormalization group equation, given by :: \beta(g) = \mu \frac = \frac ~, and, because of the underlying renormalization group, it has no explicit dependence on ''μ'', so it only depends on ''μ'' implicitly through ''g''. This dependence on the energy scale thus specified is known as the running of the coupling parameter, a fundamental feature of scale-dependence in quantum field theory, and its explicit computation is achievable through a variety of mathematical techniques. The concept of beta function was first introduced by Ernst Stueckelberg and André Petermann in 1953, and independently postulated by Murray Gell-Mann and Francis E. Low in 1954. History ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quantum Chromodynamics
In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the study of the strong interaction between quarks mediated by gluons. Quarks are fundamental particles that make up composite hadrons such as the proton, neutron and pion. QCD is a type of quantum field theory called a non-abelian gauge theory, with symmetry group special unitary group, SU(3). The QCD analog of electric charge is a property called ''color''. Gluons are the force carriers of the theory, just as photons are for the electromagnetic force in quantum electrodynamics. The theory is an important part of the Standard Model of particle physics. A large body of Quantum chromodynamics#Experimental tests, experimental evidence for QCD has been gathered over the years. QCD exhibits three salient properties: * Color confinement. Due to the force between two color charges remaining constant as they are separated, the energy grows until a quark–antiquark pair is mass–energy equivalence, spontaneously produced, turning ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feynman Diagram
In theoretical physics, a Feynman diagram is a pictorial representation of the mathematical expressions describing the behavior and interaction of subatomic particles. The scheme is named after American physicist Richard Feynman, who introduced the diagrams in 1948. The calculation of probability amplitudes in theoretical particle physics requires the use of large, complicated integrals over a large number of variables. Feynman diagrams instead represent these integrals graphically. Feynman diagrams give a simple visualization of what would otherwise be an arcane and abstract formula. According to David Kaiser, "Since the middle of the 20th century, theoretical physicists have increasingly turned to this tool to help them undertake critical calculations. Feynman diagrams have revolutionized nearly every aspect of theoretical physics." While the diagrams apply primarily to quantum field theory, they can be used in other areas of physics, such as solid-state theory. Frank Wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Veltman
Veltman is a Dutch surname translating as "field man". at the Database of Surnames in The Netherlands. Notable people with the surname include: * Alexander Veltman (1800–1870), Russian writer * Calvin Veltman (born 1941), American sociolinguist * Daryl Veltman (born 1985), Canadian lacrosse player * Esther Veltman (born 1966), Dutch cricketer * |
