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FJN
:''This is an article about a Polish political organization. For article about a Bolivian political party, see National Unity Front.'' Front of National Unity or National Unity Front ( pl, Front Jedności Narodu, FJN) was a popular front supervising elections in the Polish People's Republic which also acted as a coalition for the dominant communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) and its allies. It was founded in 1952 as ''National Front'' (''Front Narodowy'') and renamed to ''Front of National Unity'' in 1956. It was the heir of the Democratic Bloc (''Blok Demokratyczny'') which ran in the elections of 1947 before the merger between communists and socialists. The Front was created by and was subordinate to the PZPR. Its membership included all three legal Polish political parties (the PZPR, Democratic Party, and United People's Party) and many organizations (such as trade unions). [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1952 Polish Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 26 October 1952.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1491 They were the first elections to the Sejm, the parliament of the Polish People's Republic. The official rules for the elections were outlined in the new Constitution of the Polish People's Republic and lesser acts. The Front of National Unity received 99.8% of the vote and won every seat in the Sejm, a result that was to be repeated in parliamentary elections until 1989. Background The communists had spent the five years since winning the rigged 1947 elections tightening their grip on the country. A little more than a year after the election, what remained of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), nominally a partner in the communist-dominated "coalition," merged with the communist Polish Workers' Party (PPR) to form the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR). [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1957 Polish Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 20 January 1957.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1491 They were the second election to the Sejm – the unicameral parliament of the People's Republic of Poland, and the third ever in the history of Communist Poland. It took place during the liberalization period, following Władysław Gomułka's ascension to power. Although conducted in a more liberal atmosphere than previous elections, they were far from free. Voters had the option of voting ''against'' some official candidates; ''de facto'' having a small chance to express a vote of no confidence against the government and the ruling Communist Polish United Workers Party. However, as in all Communist countries, there was no opportunity to elect any true opposition members to the Sejm. The elections resulted in a predictable victory for the Front of National Unity, dominated by the PZPR. While the elections were a clear victory for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1965 Polish Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 30 May 1965. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1491 They were the fourth elections to the Sejm, the parliament of the People's Republic of Poland, and fifth in Communist Poland. They took place on 30 May. The lists admitted were controlled by the Front of National Unity (FJN), in turn controlled by the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR). The distribution of seats was decided before the elections by the FJN, and electors had no possibility to change it. The results of the 1965 election would be duplicated, exactly, by the 1969 and 1972 elections. Results As the other parties and "independents" were subordinate to PZPR, its control of the Sejm was total. References Further reading *Jerzy Drygalski, Jacek Kwasniewski, ''No-Choice Elections,'' Soviet Studies, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Apr., 1990), pp. 295–315JSTOR*George Sakwa, Martin Crouch, ''Sejm Elections in Communist Poland: An Ov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henryk Jabłoński
Henryk Jan Jabłoński (; 27 December 1909 – 27 January 2003) was a Polish historian and politician. After 1948, he became a politician of the ruling Polish United Workers' Party, as well as a historian and professor at Warsaw University. He served as head of state of the People's Republic of Poland between 1972 and 1985. Life and career Jabłoński was born in Stary Waliszew in the Warsaw Governorate of Congress Poland. From 1931, he was a member of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS). During World War II he fought in the battle of Narvik (Norway) and then joined the French Resistance. In 1945 Jabłoński become a member of the State National Council (KRN), and during the years 1946 and 1948 he had high functions in the PPS (chairman of Central State Committee and its vice-leader). He approved joining the PPS with the Polish Workers' Party (PPR, ''Polska Partia Robotnicza''). From 1947 to 1972, he was a deputy to the Sejm. In 1948 he was appointed professor at Warsaw Universit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United People's Party (Poland)
The United People's Party ( pl, Zjednoczone Stronnictwo Ludowe, ZSL) was an agrarian socialist political party in the People's Republic of Poland. It was formed on 27 November 1949 from the merger of the pro-Communist Stronnictwo Ludowe party with remnants of the independent Polish People's Party of Stanisław Mikołajczyk. ZSL became – as intended from its beginning – a satellite party of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), representing the PZPR in the rural areas. It was a member of the Front of National Unity until 1982, and from 1982 was a member of the Front's successor, the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth. To keep up the appearance that Poland was ruled by a coalition, the Marshal of the Sejm (parliamentary speaker) was always a member of the ZSL. In 1989 after victory of the Solidarity trade union in the 1989 Polish legislative elections together with the PZPR's other satellite party, the Alliance of Democrats, ZSL decided to support Solidarity. At ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Democratic Party (Poland)
The Alliance of Democrats ( pl, Stronnictwo Demokratyczne, SD) is a Polish centrist party. Initially formed in 1937, the party underwent a revival in 2009, when it was joined by liberal politician Paweł Piskorski, formerly a member of Civic Platform. History Formation (1937-1939) The Alliance of Democrats has its origins in the Democratic Clubs, which were opposed to authoritarian and nationalistic tendencies in the Second Republic of Poland between the two World Wars (1919–1939). The first club was founded in Warsaw in September 1937, and by 1938 there were clubs in all major urban centres, with active participation of the co-founders of Polish independence, whose primary objective was ensuring a fully democratic political system in Poland. The national founding convention of the Alliance of Democrats was held on 15 April 1939. The Declaration of Policy included such issues as improvement of the national economy, a development plan to raise the level of education, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish United Workers' Party
The Polish United Workers' Party ( pl, Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza; ), commonly abbreviated to PZPR, was the communist party which ruled the Polish People's Republic as a one-party state from 1948 to 1989. The PZPR had led two other legally permitted subordinate minor parties together as the Front of National Unity and later Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth. Ideologically, it was based on the theories of Marxism-Leninism, with a strong emphasis on left-wing nationalism. The Polish United Workers' Party had total control over public institutions in the country as well as the Polish People's Army, the UB-SB security agencies, the Citizens' Militia (MO) police force and the media. The falsified 1947 Polish legislative election granted the far-left complete political authority in post-war Poland. The PZPR was founded forthwith in December 1948 through the unification of two previous political entities, the Polish Workers' Party (PPR) and the Polish Socialist Party ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1961 Polish Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 16 April 1961.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1491 They were the third elections to the Sejm, the parliament of the People's Republic of Poland, and fourth in Communist Poland. They took place on 15 April. Background The 1961 elections followed the liberalized rules prepared for those in 1957, but compared to the situation five years ago the Polish society was much more apathetic and disappointed with the government. The elections, as all the others under the communist regimes in Poland, were not free and the results of the 1961 elections are considered to be falsified, again a common occurrence of that time. The electoral system was very similar to that in East Germany where ostensibly multiple parties were present but their involvement was tempered by mandatory membership of a "unity list" which was ever loyal to the communist hegemony. In practice, electors only had the choice to ap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolesław Bierut
Bolesław Bierut (; 18 April 1892 – 12 March 1956) was a Polish communist activist and politician, leader of the Polish People's Republic from 1947 until 1956. He was President of the State National Council from 1944 to 1947, President of Poland from 1947 to 1952, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party from 1948 to 1956, and Prime Minister of Poland from 1952 to 1954. Bierut was a self-educated person. He implemented aspects of the Stalinist system in Poland.Jerzy Eisler, ''Siedmiu wspaniałych. Poczet pierwszych sekretarzy KC PZPR'' he Magnificent Seven: first secretaries of the PZPR pp. 32–35. Wydawnictwo Czerwone i Czarne, Warszawa 2014, . Together with Władysław Gomułka, his main rival, Bierut is chiefly responsible for the historic changes that Poland underwent in the aftermath of World War II. Unlike any of his communist successors, Bierut led Poland until his death. Born in Congress Poland on the outskirts of Lublin, Bierut en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
WIEM Encyklopedia
WIEM Encyklopedia (full name in pl, Wielka Interaktywna Encyklopedia Multimedialna - "Great Interactive Multimedia Encyclopedia"; in Polish, ''wiem'' also means 'I know') is a Polish Internet encyclopedia. The first printed edition was released in mid-1990s, with the second in 1998, it contained about 66,000 entries and various multimedia add-ons. It was released online in 2000 by the Polish web portal Onet.pl Onet.pl is one of the largest Polish web portals. It is owned by the Kraków-based Grupa Onet.pl S.A. It was founded in 1996 by Optimus company. According to Alexa rankings, as of October 2017, it was the 45th most popular website worldwide an ... on the basis of ''Popularna Encyklopedia Powszechna i Multimedialna'' ("Popular General and Multimedia Encyclopedia"). From 2004 to 2 March 2006 it was not free, however before and after it was free to access. As of the 9th online edition in 2006, it contains 125,000 entries. External links Homepage Polish online encycloped ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1972 Polish Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 19 March 1972. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1491 The results, like with the other elections in communist Poland, were controlled by the communist government. The results of the 1965 election would be duplicated, exactly, by the 1969 and 1972 elections. The results of the next, 1976 election, would be only marginally different. Results As the other parties and "independents" were subordinate to PZPR, its control of the Sejm was total. References 1972 in Poland Parliamentary elections in Poland Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ... March 1972 events in Europe Elections in the Polish People's Republic 1972 elections in Poland {{Poland-election-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1976 Polish Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 21 March 1976. Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1491 The results, like with the other elections in communist Poland, were controlled by the communist government. The results of the 1976 election would be duplicated, exactly, by the 1980 election, and were only marginally different from those of the preceding years, and from the 1985 election. Results As the other parties and "independents" were subordinate to PZPR, its control of the Sejm was total. References 1976 in Poland Parliamentary elections in Poland Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ... March 1976 events in Europe Elections in the Polish People's Republic 1976 elections in Poland {{Poland-election-stu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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