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Exposure Value Scale
APEX stands for Additive System of Photographic Exposure, which was proposed in the 1960 ASA standard for monochrome film speed, ASA PH2.5-1960, as a means of simplifying exposure computation. Exposure equation Until the late 1960s, cameras did not have built-in exposure meters, and many photographers did not have external exposure meters. Consequently, it often was necessary to calculate exposure from lighting conditions. The relationship of recommended photographic exposure to a scene's average luminance is given by the camera exposure equation :\frac = \frac \, where * A is the f-number (reciprocal of the relative aperture) * T is the exposure time (" shutter speed") in seconds * B is the average scene luminance ("brightness") * S_x is the ASA arithmetic film speed * K is the reflected-light meter calibration constant Use of the symbol B for luminance reflects photographic industry practice at the time of ASA PH2.5-1960; current SI practice prefers the symbol L. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exposure Value
In photography, exposure value (EV) is a number that represents a combination of a camera's shutter speed and f-number, such that all combinations that yield the same exposure have the same EV (for any fixed scene luminance). Exposure value is also used to indicate an interval on the photographic exposure scale, with a difference of 1 EV corresponding to a standard power-of-2 exposure step, commonly referred to as a stop. The EV concept was developed by the German shutter manufacturer in the 1950s ( Gebele 1958; Ray 2000, 318). Its intent was to simplify choosing among equivalent camera exposure settings by replacing combinations of shutter speed and ''f''-number (e.g., 1/125 s at ''f''/16) with a single number (e.g., 15). On some lenses with leaf shutters, the process was further simplified by allowing the shutter and aperture controls to be linked such that, when one was changed, the other was automatically adjusted to maintain the same exposure. This was especially he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Standards Association
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI ) is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards Standardization or standardisation is the process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments. Standardization ... for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. ANSI accredits standards that are developed by representatives of other standards organizations, government agency, government agencies, consumer organization, consumer groups, companies, and others. These standards ensure that the characteristics and performance of products are consistent, that people use the same definitions and terms, and that products are tested the same ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rollei
Rollei () was a German manufacturer of optical instruments founded in 1920 by and in Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, and maker of the Rolleiflex and Rolleicord series of cameras. Later products included specialty and nostalgic type films for the photo hobbyist market. Originally named ''Werkstatt für Feinmechanik und Optik, Franke & Heidecke'', the company renamed into ''Rollei-Werke Franke & Heidecke GmbH'' in 1972, ''Rollei-Werke Franke & Heidecke GmbH & Co. KG'', in 1979, and ''Rollei Fototechnic GmbH & Co. KG'' in 1981. After being purchased in 1995 by Samsung Techwin, part of the South Korean Samsung Group, it was sold back to its internal management in 1999. In 2002, it was bought by a Danish investment group, and renamed ''Rollei GmbH'' in 2004. In 2005/2006, the company headquarters moved to Berlin and the company was split into two different companies: ''Rollei GmbH'' in Berlin, owner of the Rollei brand and selling various OEM equipment, and ''Rollei Produktion GmbH'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minolta AF
The Minolta A-mount camera system was a line of photographic equipment from Minolta introduced in 1985 with the world's first integrated autofocus system in the camera body with interchangeable lenses. The system used a lens mount called A-mount, with a flange focal distance 44.50 mm, one millimeter longer, 43.5 mm, than the previous SR mount from 1958. The new mount was wider, 49.7 mm vs. 44.97 mm, than the older SR-mount and had a longer flange focal distance making old manual lenses incompatible with the new system. Minolta bought the autofocus technology of Leica Correfot camera which was partly used on the a-mount autofocus technology. The mount is now used by Sony, who bought the SLR camera division from Konica Minolta, Konica and Minolta having merged a few years before. The Minolta A-mount system was at first marketed as Maxxum in North America and α (Alpha) in Japan and the rest of Asia. In Europe, early Minolta A-mount cameras were initially ident ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manual Shift
{{disambiguation ...
Manual may refer to: Instructions * User guide * Owner's manual * Instruction manual (gaming) * Online help Other uses * Manual (music), a keyboard, as for an organ * Manual (band) * Manual transmission * Manual, a bicycle technique similar to a wheelie, but without the use of pedal torque * Manual, balancing on two wheels in freestyle skateboarding tricks * '' The Manual (How to Have a Number One the Easy Way)'' is a 1988 book by Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty See also * Instructions (other) * Tutorial A tutorial, in education, is a method of transferring knowledge and may be used as a part of a learning process. More interactive and specific than a book or a lecture, a tutorial seeks to teach by example and supply the information to complete ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shutter (photography)
In photography, a shutter is a device that allows light to pass for a determined period, exposing photographic film or a photosensitive digital sensor to light in order to capture a permanent image of a scene. A shutter can also be used to allow pulses of light to pass outwards, as seen in a movie projector or a signal lamp. A shutter of variable speed is used to control exposure time of the film. The shutter is constructed so that it automatically closes after a certain required time interval. The speed of the shutter is controlled by a ring outside the camera, on which various timings are marked. Camera shutter Camera shutters can be fitted in several positions: * Leaf shutters are usually fitted within a lens assembly (''central shutter''), or more rarely immediately behind (''behind-the-lens shutter'') or, even more rarely, in front of a lens, and shut off the beam of light where it is narrow. *Focal-plane shutters are mounted near the focal plane and move to uncover the fil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ricoh
is a Japanese multinational imaging and electronics company (law), company. It was founded by the now-defunct commercial division of the Riken, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (Riken) known as the ''Riken concern (business), Concern'', on 6 February 1936 as . Ricoh's headquarters are located in Ōta, Tokyo, Ota, Tokyo. Ricoh produces electronic products, primarily cameras and office equipment such as Printer (computing), printers, photocopiers, fax machines, offers Software as a service, Software as a Service (SaaS) document management applications such as DocumentMall, RicohDocs, GlobalScan, Print&Share and also offers Projectors. In the late 1990s through early 2000s, the company grew to become the largest copier manufacturer in the world. During this time, Ricoh acquired Savin (photocopiers), Savin, Gestetner, Lanier, Rex-Rotary, Monroe Calculator Company, Monroe, Nashuatec, Ikon Office Solutions, IKON and most recently IBM Printing Systems Division / Infoprint ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Olympus Corporation
is a Japanese manufacturer of optics and reprography products. Olympus was established on 12 October 1919, initially specializing in microscopes and thermometers. Olympus holds roughly a 70-percent share of the global endoscope market, estimated to be worth approximately US$2.5 billion. Its global headquarters are located in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. In 2011, Olympus attracted worldwide media scrutiny when it fired its CEO and the matter snowballed into a corporate corruption investigation with multiple arrests. It paid $646 million in kickback fines in 2016. Products Cameras and audio In 1936, Olympus introduced its first camera, the Semi-Olympus I, fitted with the first Zuiko-branded lens. The Olympus Chrome Six was a series of folding cameras made by Takachiho, and later Olympus, from 1948 to 1956, for 6×4.5 cm or 6×6 cm exposures on 120 film. The first innovative camera series from Olympus was the Pen, launched in 1959. It used a half-frame format, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Konica
was a Japanese manufacturer of, among other products, film, film cameras, camera accessories, photographic and photo-processing equipment, photocopiers, fax machines and laser printers, founded in 1873. The company merged with Japanese peer Minolta in 2003, with the new company named Konica Minolta. History The company traces its history back to 1873 (pre-dating Kodak in the photography business) when pharmacist Rokusaburo Sugiura began selling photographic materials at his shop in Konishiya Rokubē, the biggest pharmacy trader in Tokyo at that time. In 1878, Rokusaburō succeeded to his family and renamed Rokuemon VI (Rokudaime Rokuemon). He gave the original shop to his younger brother and launched a new shop, Konishi Honten (Konishi Main Shop) in the Nihonbashi district of Tokyo. In 1882, Konishi launched a project to produce photography related materials in Japan: those products were imported at that time. In 1902, Konishi began to sell the "Cherry Portable Camera" (チ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aires
Aerovías de Integración Regional S.A. (Acronym: ''AIRES'', lit. ''airs''), d/b/a LATAM Airlines Colombia (formerly known as LAN Colombia) is a Colombian airline. It is the second-largest air carrier in Colombia after Avianca. It operates scheduled regional domestic passenger services, as well as a domestic cargo service. Its main hub is El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá. History The airline was founded on October 2, 1980, starting operations on February 23, 1981, with a few small planes, until they acquired some Embraer 110 Bandeirante and Fairchild F27. In 1990, the airline registered a 9% decrease in passenger transport. With the rise of competition with AeroRepública in November 1992, AIRES made small expansions, mostly adding service to the neighboring countries of Venezuela and Ecuador. In November 1998, the airline began its coverage in the Caribbean Region, opening a base of operations in Barranquilla, from where flights began to: Cartagena, Santa Marta, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seikosha
was a branch of the Japanese company Seiko that produced clocks, watches, shutters, computer printers and other devices. It was the root of the manufacturing companies of the Seiko Group. History *1881 — Kintarō Hattori opens the watch and jewelry shop " K. Hattori" (''Hattori Tokeiten'' in Japanese; currently named Seiko Holdings Corporation) in the Ginza area of Tokyo, Japan. *1892 — is established in Tokyo as the clock manufacturing arm of K. Hattori. *1917 — K. Hattori becomes a company (K. Hattori & Co., Ltd.). *1937 — The watch production division of Seikosha is split off as . *1942 — Daiwa Kogyo, Ltd. is founded in Suwa, Nagano by Hisao Yamazaki. *1943 — Daini Seikosha establishes a factory in Suwa for manufacturing watches with Daiwa Kogyo. *1959 — Daiwa Kogyo and the Suwa Plant of Daini Seikosha merge to form *1961 — Shinshu Seiki Co., Ltd. is established as a subsidiary of Suwa Seikosha. *1970 — Seikosha is sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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