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Eucoccidiorida
The Eucoccidiorida are an order of microscopic, spore-forming, single-celled parasites belonging to the apicomplexan class Conoidasida. Protozoans of this order include parasites of humans, and both domesticated and wild animals including birds. Among these parasites are the ''Toxoplasma gondii'' that cause toxoplasmosis and ''Isospora belli'', which results in isosporiasis. Definition This is the largest order in the class Conoidasida and contains those species that all undergo merogony (asexual), gametogony (sexual) and sporogony (spore formation) during their lifecycles. Genera Nineteen families, three subfamilies, and 70 genera are recognised in this order. The genera include: '' Adelea'', '' Adelina'', ''Aggregata'', '' Alveocystis'', ''Atoxoplasma'', ''Babesiosoma'', '' Barrouxia'', '' Bartazoon'', '' Besnoitia'', ''Calyptospora'', '' Caryospora'', '' Caryotropha'', '' Chagasella'', ''Choleoeimeria'', ''Cryptosporidium'', '' Crystallospora'', ''Cyclospora'', '' Cyrilia'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Choleoeimeria
''Choleoeimeria'' is a genus of alveolate parasites that infect the biliary tracts of reptiles. Morphologically they are similar to the ''Eimeria'', to whom they are closely related. The genus was described in 1989 by Paperna and Landsberg. General features The endogenous development of the parasite occurs in the cells of the bile epithelium. The infected host cell becomes hypertrophic and emerges above the epithelial surface. This hypertrophy coincides with a drastic depletion of the microvilli. The junction zone along with the underlying cell extends into numerous long and fine membranal out-folds. Meront: These undergo binary fission. Microgamont: The differentiating microgamont develops an expanded multilobed body. Macrogamont: The organelles include type 1 and type 2 wall forming bodies, canaliculi and granular bodies. Oocyte: The oocyst wall forms from 4 wall-membranes consolidating over the zygote plasmalemma. The oocysts possess four sporocysts each containing two ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apicomplexa
The Apicomplexa (also called Apicomplexia) are a large phylum of parasitic alveolates. Most of them possess a unique form of organelle that comprises a type of non-photosynthetic plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure. The organelle is an adaptation that the apicomplexan applies in penetration of a host cell. The Apicomplexa are unicellular and spore-forming. All species are obligate endoparasites of animals, except '' Nephromyces'', a symbiont in marine animals, originally classified as a chytrid fungus. Motile structures such as flagella or pseudopods are present only in certain gamete stages. The Apicomplexa are a diverse group that includes organisms such as the coccidia, gregarines, piroplasms, haemogregarines, and plasmodia. Diseases caused by Apicomplexa include: * Babesiosis (''Babesia'') * Malaria (''Plasmodium'') * Cryptosporidiosis (''Cryptosporidium parvum'') * Cyclosporiasis (''Cyclospora cayetanensis'') * Cystoisosporiasis (''Cystoisosp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adeleorina
''Adeleorina'' is a suborder of parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa. History Léger proposed this taxon in 1911. The first species identified was ''Dactylosoma ranarum'' by Lankester (1871) in a frog in Europe. It was initially called ''Undulina ranarum'', but this was changed in 1882 to ''Drepanidium ranarum''. This species was subsequently moved to the genus ''Dactylosoma''. Canine hepatozoonosis was first described in India in 1905 by James. The organism was named ''Leukocytozoon canis''. The vector was identified in 1907 by Christopher to be the brown dog tick (''Rhipicephalus sanguineus''). The genus ''Hepatozoon'' was created by Miller in 1908 for a parasite of the white rat (''Rattus norvegicus'') that underwent merogony in the liver and sporogony in the mite '' Laelap echidinus''. Ledger initially placed this genus in the family Haemogregarinidae, but Wenyon subsequently removed it and placed it in the newly created taxon Hepatozoidae in 1926. Life cycle All species i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyclospora
''Cyclospora'' is a genus of apicomplexan parasites. It includes the species ''Cyclospora cayetanensis'', the causative agent of cyclosporiasis. Members of ''Cyclospora'' are characterized as having oocysts with two Apicomplexan life cycle, sporocysts, each containing two sporozoites. Species Several ''Cyclospora'' species have been described in various mammals including: *''Cyclospora angimurinensis'' (from the Hispid pocket mouse) *''Cyclospora ashtabulensis'' (from the Hairy-tailed mole) *''Cyclospora caryolytica'' (from various insect-eating mammals) *''Cyclospora cayetanensis'' (from humans) *''Cyclospora cercopitheci'' (from African green monkeys) *''Cyclospora colobi'' (from the Colobus monkey) *''Cyclospora megacephali'' (from the Eastern mole) *''Cyclospora papionis'' (from the Olive baboon) *''Cyclospora parascalopi'' (from the Hairy-tailed mole) *''Cyclospora talpae'' (from the European mole) A smaller number of species have been described from reptiles, arthropods, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bartazoon
''Bartazoon'' is a genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum ''Apicomplexa''. History This genus was created by Karadjian, Chavatte & Landau in 2015. This genus is named after John R Barta of the University of Guelph, Canada. Taxonomy There is one species in this genus currently – ''Bartazoon breinli''. This species was previously known as ''Hepatozoon breinli''. This genus is related to the genus '' Hemolivia''. Description The type species for this genus is ''Bartazoon breinli''. This species was described in 1960 by Mackerras. The type host of the type species is '' Varanus tristis orientalis''. The type host was described in Innisfail, Queensland, Australia. The species in this genus infect reptiles, amphibians, birds and rodents. They are transmitted by biting insects. The gamonts undergo syzygy. This is followed by microgametogenesis with production of a small number of gametes within a common envelope along with the macrogamete. Sporogony occurs in a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toxoplasma Gondii
''Toxoplasma gondii'' () is an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan (specifically an apicomplexan) that causes toxoplasmosis. Found worldwide, ''T. gondii'' is capable of infecting virtually all warm-blooded animals, but felids, such as domestic cats, are the only known definitive hosts in which the parasite may undergo sexual reproduction. ''T. gondii'' has been shown to alter the behavior of infected rodents in ways that increase the rodents' chances of being preyed upon by felids. Support for this "manipulation hypothesis" stems from studies showing that ''T. gondii''-infected rats have a decreased aversion to cat urine. Because cats are the only hosts within which ''T. gondii'' can sexually reproduce to complete and begin its lifecycle, such behavioral manipulations are thought to be evolutionary adaptations that increase the parasite's reproductive success. Rats that do not avoid cat habitations will more likely become cat prey. ''Toxoplasma gondii'' infection i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Babesiosoma
''Babesiosoma'' is a genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexia. They have two hosts in their life cycle: the vertebrate hosts are fish and the invertebrate vectors are leeches. This genus has been poorly studied and little is known about it. History The genus was created in 1956 by Jakowski and Nigrelli.Jakowska S, Nigrelli RF (1956)Some protozoan diseases of man and animals: Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis, and Toxoplasmosis. Annal NY Acad Sci 64, 112–127 Seven species have been recognised in this genus.Misra KK, Haldar DP, Chakravarty MM (1969) ''Babesiosoma ophicephali'' n. sp. from the freshwater teleost ''Ophicephalus punctatus'' Bloch. J Protozool 16(3):446-449Negm-Eldin MM (1998) Life cycle, host restriction and longevity of ''Babesiosoma mariae'' HOARE, 1930 (Apicomplexa: Dactylosomatidae). Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 105(10):367-374Smit NJ, Van As JG, Davies AJ (2003) Observations on ''Babesiosoma mariae'' (Apicomplexa: Dactylosomatidae) from the Okavango D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyrilia
Cyrilia is a genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexia. The genus was created by Lainson in 1981. Species in this genus infect fresh water fish and are transmitted by leeches. Life cycle The parasites are transmitted to the vertebrate host by the bite of a leech. The parasite undergoes merogony and gametogony in the fish erythrocytes. The mature gametocytes are ingested by a leech and undergo fusion, sygyny, sporogony and merogony in the leech. Each zygote undergoes multiple divisions producing 16–32 sporozoites which are infective for vertebrate host. Sporogony occurs in the intestinal wall of the leech. Each of the microgametocyes produce four microgametes each capable of fertilizing a macrogamete. Host relations *''C. nili'' - African catfish (''Clarias lazera ''Clarias gariepinus'' or African sharptooth catfish is a species of catfish of the family Clariidae, the airbreathing catfishes. Distribution They are found throughout Africa and the Midd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crystallospora
''Crystallospora'' is a genus of Apicomplexa in the family Aggregatidae. History The genus ''Crystallospora'' was created by Labbé in 1896Labbe A (1896) Recherches Zoologiques, Cytologiques et Biologiques sur les Coccidies. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale 4: 517-654 for a coccidium that ThelohanThelohan MP (1890) Sur deux coccidies nouvelles, parasites de l'epinoche et de la sardine. C R Hebd Seances Mem Soc BioI (Paris) 42:345-348 had discovered in the Atlantic Ocean off France in 1893. The organism was originally called ''Coccidium cristalloides'' but Labbe renamed it ''Crystallospora thelohani''. This species was later transferred to ''Eimeria'' by Doflein in 1909.Doflein F (1909) Lehrbuch der Protozoenkune ein Darstellung der Naturgeschichte der Protozoen mit Besonderer Berucksichtigung der Parasitischen und Pathogenen Formen. II. Auflage der Protozoen als Parasiten und Krankheitserreger. Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena. 914 In 1948 Dogel found the same spec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptosporidium
''Cryptosporidium'', sometimes informally called crypto, is a genus of apicomplexan parasitic alveolates that can cause a respiratory and gastrointestinal illness (cryptosporidiosis) that primarily involves watery diarrhea (intestinal cryptosporidiosis), sometimes with a persistent cough (respiratory cryptosporidiosis). Treatment of gastrointestinal infection in humans involves fluid rehydration, electrolyte replacement, and management of any pain. , nitazoxanide is the only drug approved for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent hosts. Supplemental zinc may improve symptoms, particularly in recurrent or persistent infections or in others at risk for zinc deficiency. ''Cryptosporidium'' oocysts are 4–6 μm in diameter and exhibit partial acid-fast staining. They must be differentiated from other partially acid-fast organisms including ''Cyclospora cayetanensis''. General characteristics ''Cryptosporidium'' causes cryptosporidiosis, an infection tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chagasella
''Chagasella'' is a genus of parasitic alveolates of the phylum Apicomplexa. Species in this genus infect insects of the order Hemiptera and of the family Termitoidae. Taxonomy Two species are recognised in this genus. Description The species in this genus are parasitic in arthropods. These parasite appear to be spread via the orofaecal route and infect the gastrointestinal tract and salivary glands of the insect host. They form ovoid oocysts in the gut wall. There are three sporocysts per oocyte and 4-6 (possibly more) sporozoites per sporocyst. The merozoites are banana shaped. The spores are not confined by an oocyst membrane. Gibbs in 1944 showed that after the first division of the zygote nucleus in the oocyst, only one of the two daughter nuclei divides.Gibbs AJ (1944) ''Chagasella'' sp. (Protozoa, Coccidia) found in the salivary glands of ''Cenaeus carnifex'' Fabr. (Insecta, Hemiptera). S. African J. Med. Set. (Biol. Sup pi.) 9, 55-62 This differential division, by an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caryotropha
''Caryotropha'' is a genus of parasitic alveolates belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. This genus was created in 1902 by Siedelecki.Siedlecki MM (1902) Historya rozwoju nowego gatunku kokcydi: ''Caryotropha mesnilii'' nob. (Cycle evolutif de la ''Caryotropha mesnilii'', coccidie nouvelle des polymnies; note preliminare). Bulletin International de l'Académie des Sciences de Cracovie. Classe des Sciences Mathématiques et Naturelles 561-568Siedlecki MM (1907) O budowie I rozwoju ''Caryotropha mesnili''. (Uber die struktur und die Lebensgeschichte von ''Caryhotropha mesnilii''). (Etude de la structure et du cycle evolutif de ''Caryotropha mesnilii''). Bulletin International de l'Académie des Sciences de Cracovie. Classef des Sciences Matematiques et Naturelles 453-497 Taxonomy Currently, there is only one species recognised in this genus. Life cycle This species infects the gastrointestinal tract of polychaete worms. It is not known if it has any other host. The parasite infec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
