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Euclidean Tilings By Convex Regular Polygons
Euclidean plane tilings by convex regular polygons have been widely used since antiquity. The first systematic mathematical treatment was that of Kepler in his ''Harmonices Mundi'' (Latin: ''The Harmony of the World'', 1619). Notation of Euclidean tilings Euclidean tilings are usually named after Cundy & Rollett’s notation. This notation represents (i) the number of vertices, (ii) the number of polygons around each vertex (arranged clockwise) and (iii) the number of sides to each of those polygons. For example: 36; 36; 34.6, tells us there are 3 vertices with 2 different vertex types, so this tiling would be classed as a ‘3-uniform (2-vertex types)’ tiling. Broken down, 36; 36 (both of different transitivity class), or (36)2, tells us that there are 2 vertices (denoted by the superscript 2), each with 6 equilateral 3-sided polygons (triangles). With a final vertex 34.6, 4 more contiguous equilateral triangles and a single regular hexagon. However, this notation has two ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Group Action (mathematics)
In mathematics, a group action on a space is a group homomorphism of a given group into the group of transformations of the space. Similarly, a group action on a mathematical structure is a group homomorphism of a group into the automorphism group of the structure. It is said that the group ''acts'' on the space or structure. If a group acts on a structure, it will usually also act on objects built from that structure. For example, the group of Euclidean isometries acts on Euclidean space and also on the figures drawn in it. For example, it acts on the set of all triangles. Similarly, the group of symmetries of a polyhedron acts on the vertices, the edges, and the faces of the polyhedron. A group action on a vector space is called a representation of the group. In the case of a finite-dimensional vector space, it allows one to identify many groups with subgroups of , the group of the invertible matrices of dimension over a field . The symmetric group acts on any set wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hexagonal Tiling
In geometry, the hexagonal tiling or hexagonal tessellation is a regular tiling of the Euclidean plane, in which exactly three hexagons meet at each vertex. It has Schläfli symbol of or (as a truncated triangular tiling). English mathematician John Conway called it a hextille. The internal angle of the hexagon is 120 degrees, so three hexagons at a point make a full 360 degrees. It is one of three regular tilings of the plane. The other two are the triangular tiling and the square tiling. Applications The hexagonal tiling is the densest way to arrange circles in two dimensions. The honeycomb conjecture states that the hexagonal tiling is the best way to divide a surface into regions of equal area with the least total perimeter. The optimal three-dimensional structure for making honeycomb (or rather, soap bubbles) was investigated by Lord Kelvin, who believed that the Kelvin structure (or body-centered cubic lattice) is optimal. However, the less regular Weaire–Phel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vertex Type 6-6-6
Vertex, vertices or vertexes may refer to: Science and technology Mathematics and computer science *Vertex (geometry), a point where two or more curves, lines, or edges meet *Vertex (computer graphics), a data structure that describes the position of a point *Vertex (curve), a point of a plane curve where the first derivative of curvature is zero *Vertex (graph theory), the fundamental unit of which graphs are formed *Vertex (topography), in a triangulated irregular network *Vertex of a representation, in finite group theory Physics *Vertex (physics), the reconstructed location of an individual particle collision *Vertex (optics), a point where the optical axis crosses an optical surface *Vertex function, describing the interaction between a photon and an electron Biology and anatomy *Vertex (anatomy), the highest point of the head * Vertex (urinary bladder), alternative name of the apex of urinary bladder *Vertex distance, the distance between the surface of the cornea of the e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triangular Tiling
In geometry, the triangular tiling or triangular tessellation is one of the three regular tilings of the Euclidean plane, and is the only such tiling where the constituent shapes are not parallelogons. Because the internal angle of the equilateral triangle is 60 degrees, six triangles at a point occupy a full 360 degrees. The triangular tiling has Schläfli symbol of English mathematician John Conway called it a deltille, named from the triangular shape of the Greek letter delta (Δ). The triangular tiling can also be called a kishextille by a kis operation that adds a center point and triangles to replace the faces of a hextille. It is one of three regular tilings of the plane. The other two are the square tiling and the hexagonal tiling. Uniform colorings There are 9 distinct uniform colorings of a triangular tiling. (Naming the colors by indices on the 6 triangles around a vertex: 111111, 111112, 111212, 111213, 111222, 112122, 121212, 121213, 121314) Three of them can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vertex Type 3-3-3-3-3-3
Vertex, vertices or vertexes may refer to: Science and technology Mathematics and computer science *Vertex (geometry), a point where two or more curves, lines, or edges meet *Vertex (computer graphics), a data structure that describes the position of a point *Vertex (curve), a point of a plane curve where the first derivative of curvature is zero *Vertex (graph theory), the fundamental unit of which graphs are formed *Vertex (topography), in a triangulated irregular network *Vertex of a representation, in finite group theory Physics *Vertex (physics), the reconstructed location of an individual particle collision *Vertex (optics), a point where the optical axis crosses an optical surface *Vertex function, describing the interaction between a photon and an electron Biology and anatomy *Vertex (anatomy), the highest point of the head * Vertex (urinary bladder), alternative name of the apex of urinary bladder *Vertex distance, the distance between the surface of the cornea of the e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Regular Polytopes And Compounds
This article lists the regular polytopes and regular polytope compounds in Euclidean, spherical and hyperbolic spaces. The Schläfli symbol describes every regular tessellation of an ''n''-sphere, Euclidean and hyperbolic spaces. A Schläfli symbol describing an ''n''-polytope equivalently describes a tessellation of an (''n'' − 1)-sphere. In addition, the symmetry of a regular polytope or tessellation is expressed as a Coxeter group, which Coxeter expressed identically to the Schläfli symbol, except delimiting by square brackets, a notation that is called Coxeter notation. Another related symbol is the Coxeter-Dynkin diagram which represents a symmetry group with no rings, and the represents regular polytope or tessellation with a ring on the first node. For example, the cube has Schläfli symbol , and with its octahedral symmetry, ,3or , it is represented by Coxeter diagram . The regular polytopes are grouped by dimension and subgrouped by convex, nonconvex an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hexagon
In geometry, a hexagon (from Ancient Greek, Greek , , meaning "six", and , , meaning "corner, angle") is a six-sided polygon. The total of the internal angles of any simple polygon, simple (non-self-intersecting) hexagon is 720°. Regular hexagon A ''regular polygon, regular hexagon'' has Schläfli symbol and can also be constructed as a Truncation (geometry), truncated equilateral triangle, t, which alternates two types of edges. A regular hexagon is defined as a hexagon that is both equilateral polygon, equilateral and equiangular polygon, equiangular. It is bicentric polygon, bicentric, meaning that it is both cyclic polygon, cyclic (has a circumscribed circle) and tangential polygon, tangential (has an inscribed circle). The common length of the sides equals the radius of the circumscribed circle or circumcircle, which equals \tfrac times the apothem (radius of the inscribed figure, inscribed circle). All internal angles are 120 degree (angle), degrees. A regular hexago ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Square (geometry)
In Euclidean geometry, a square is a regular quadrilateral, which means that it has four equal sides and four equal angles (90-degree angles, π/2 radian angles, or right angles). It can also be defined as a rectangle with two equal-length adjacent sides. It is the only regular polygon whose internal angle, central angle, and external angle are all equal (90°), and whose diagonals are all equal in length. A square with vertices ''ABCD'' would be denoted . Characterizations A convex quadrilateral is a square if and only if it is any one of the following: * A rectangle with two adjacent equal sides * A rhombus with a right vertex angle * A rhombus with all angles equal * A parallelogram with one right vertex angle and two adjacent equal sides * A quadrilateral with four equal sides and four right angles * A quadrilateral where the diagonals are equal, and are the perpendicular bisectors of each other (i.e., a rhombus with equal diagonals) * A convex quadrilateral with successiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Equilateral Triangle
In geometry, an equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all three sides have the same length. In the familiar Euclidean geometry, an equilateral triangle is also equiangular; that is, all three internal angles are also congruent to each other and are each 60°. It is also a regular polygon, so it is also referred to as a regular triangle. Principal properties Denoting the common length of the sides of the equilateral triangle as a, we can determine using the Pythagorean theorem that: *The area is A=\frac a^2, *The perimeter is p=3a\,\! *The radius of the circumscribed circle is R = \frac *The radius of the inscribed circle is r=\frac a or r=\frac *The geometric center of the triangle is the center of the circumscribed and inscribed circles *The altitude (height) from any side is h=\frac a Denoting the radius of the circumscribed circle as ''R'', we can determine using trigonometry that: *The area of the triangle is \mathrm=\fracR^2 Many of these quantities have simple r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
