|
Echinodontiaceae
The Echinodontiaceae are a family of crust fungi in the order Russulales. Species of this family, divided amongst two genera—'' Echinodontium'' and '' Laurilia''—have a widespread distribution, although they are especially predominant in north temperate zones. They are parasitic or saprobic on wood, and may cause white rot of angiosperms and gymnosperms. Description Species of this family have resupinate to effused- reflexed basidiocarps, smooth to spiny hymenophores, amyloid spores, dimitic hyphae, and cause white rot. Classification The family was circumscribed by Marinus Anton Donk in 1961, and monographed by Henry L. Gross in 1964. He recognized six species in the genus ''Echinodontium'' (''E. tinctorium'', ''E. tsugicola'', ''E. ballouii'', ''E. japonicum'', ''E. taxodii'' and ''E. sulcatum'') with hymenia ranging from smooth to spiny. Walter Jülich added another genus ''Laurilia'' (incorporating ''E. taxodii'' and ''E. sulcatu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laurilia
''Laurilia'' is a monotypic genus of crust fungi in the family Echinodontiaceae. The genus was described in 1959 by Czech mycologist Zdeněk Pouzar, with '' Laurilia sulcata'' (originally ''Stereum sulcatum'') as the type and only species. Pouzar then transferred ''Laurilia taxodii'' from ''Stereum'' to ''Laurilia'' in 1968, but Liu et al. erected the new genus '' Laurillela'' for the latter species in 2017 on the basis of ribosomal DNA molecular phylogeny. Liu et al. also found the Echinodontiaceae as traditionally circumscribed to be paraphyletic and placed ''Laurilia'' and ''Lauriliella'' instead in the Bondarzewiaceae, though this placement is not yet reflected in taxonomic authorities such as the Index Fungorum ''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names ( scientific names) in the fungus kingdom. the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partners along with Landcare Research and the Institute of M .... The generic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Echinodontium Tinctorium
''Echinodontium tinctorium'' is a species of fungus in the family Echinodontiaceae. A plant pathogen, it is commonly known as the Indian paint fungus. Found on tree species such as grand fir (and indicating a rotten core), it can be identified by the grayish spines of its lower surface. Native Americans used the red interior as a pigment. Some Plateau Indian Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau, also referred to by the phrase Indigenous peoples of the Plateau, and historically called the Plateau Indians (though comprising many groups) are indigenous peoples of the Interior of British Columbia ... tribes applied the fungus to skin to prevent it from chapping. It is inedible. References External links Roger's Mushrooms Fungi described in 1895 Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Inedible fungi Russulales {{fungus-plant-disease-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Echinodontium
''Echinodontium'' is a genus of fungi in the family Echinodontiaceae. The genus was published by American mycologist Job Bicknell Ellis in 1900, who described it thus: "Differs from ''Hydnum'' in the thick, woody pileus of ''Fomes'' and the teeth beset with spines, as in '' Mucronophorus'' and ''Hymenochaete''". The type species, ''Echinodontium tinctorium'', is commonly known as the "indian paint fungus" owing to its traditional use for bodypainting. Species *''Echinodontium ballouii'' (Banker) H.L.Gross (1964) – New Jersey (USA) *''Echinodontium japonicum'' Imazeki (1935) – Japan *''Echinodontium ryvardenii'' Bernicchia & Piga (1998) – Italy *''Echinodontium tinctorium ''Echinodontium tinctorium'' is a species of fungus in the family Echinodontiaceae. A plant pathogen, it is common name, commonly known as the Indian paint fungus. Found on tree species such as grand fir (and indicating a rotten core), it can be ...'' (Ellis & Everh.) Ellis & Everh. (1900) – western ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amylostereum
''Amylostereum'' is the single genus in the fungal family Amylostereaceae. The genus currently comprises four saprotrophic and parasitic species, which live off living or dead wood. The Amylostereaceae cause white rot in the wood by disintegrating the tissue component lignin. They produce crust-like, partially wavy fruit bodies on the surface of infested trees, which are similar to those produced by '' Stereum'' species. There are four described species in the Amylostereaceae: '' A. chailletii'' (the type), '' A. areolatum'', '' A. ferreum'' and '' A. laevigatum''. The species were initially considered part of ''Stereum'' until mycologist Jacques Boidin found atypical microscopic differences between them. Forty years after his extensive researches from 1958, Boidin reclassified ''Amylostereum'' into its own family. Three ''Amylostereum'' species are symbionts of wood wasps in the genera '' Sirex'', '' Urocerus'', and '' Xoanon'', which infest conifers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russulales
The Russulales are an order of the Agaricomycetes, (which include the agaric genera ''Russula'' and '' Lactarius'' and their polyporoid and corticioid relatives). According to the ''Dictionary of the Fungi'' (10th edition, 2008), the order consists of 12 families, 80 genera, and 1767 species. According to ''Species Fungorum'' (January 2016), the order contains 13 families, 117 genera (16 not assigned to a family), and 3,060 species. Russuloid agarics represent an independent evolutionary line of agarics, not directly related to the Agaricales. This group also includes a number of russuloid hypogeous fungi, polypores such as ''Bondarzewia'', some tooth fungi (e.g. '' Auriscalpium vulgare''), and club fungi e.g. '' Artomyces''. Basidiospores in this group are typically ornamented with amyloid warts or reticulation but a few exceptions are known, e.g. '' Heterobasidion annosum''. The genus ''Clavicorona'' was often treated in the Russulales, but its type species, '' C. taxop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basidiospore
A basidiospore is a reproductive spore produced by Basidiomycete fungi, a grouping that includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts. Basidiospores typically each contain one haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis, and they are produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia. Typically, four basidiospores develop on appendages from each basidium, of which two are of one strain and the other two of its opposite strain. In gills under a cap of one common species, there exist millions of basidia. Some gilled mushrooms in the order Agaricales have the ability to release billions of spores. The puffball fungus ''Calvatia gigantea'' has been calculated to produce about five trillion basidiospores. Most basidiospores are forcibly discharged, and are thus considered ballistospores. These spores serve as the main air dispersal units for the fungi. The spores are released during periods of high humidity and generally have a night-time or pre-dawn peak concentration in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dimitic
A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall. In most fungi, hyphae are divided into cells by internal cross-walls called "septa" (singular septum). Septa are usually perforated by pores large enough for ribosomes, mitochondria, and sometimes nuclei to flow between cells. The major structural polymer in fungal cell walls is typically chitin, in contrast to plants and oomycetes that have cellulosic cell walls. Some fungi have aseptate hyphae, meaning their hyphae are not partitioned by septa. Hyphae have an average diameter of 4–6 µm. Growth Hyphae grow at their tips. During tip growth, cell walls are extended by the external assembly and polymerization of cell wall components, and the internal production of new cell membrane. The S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hymenium
The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others some cells develop into sterile cells called cystidia (basidiomycetes) or paraphyses (ascomycetes). Cystidia are often important for microscopic identification. The subhymenium consists of the supportive hyphae from which the cells of the hymenium grow, beneath which is the hymenophoral trama, the hyphae that make up the mass of the hymenophore. The position of the hymenium is traditionally the first characteristic used in the classification and identification of mushrooms. Below are some examples of the diverse types which exist among the macroscopic Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. * In agarics, the hymenium is on the vertical faces of the gills. * In boletes and polypores, it is in a spongy mass of downward-pointing tubes. * In puffballs, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Symbiotic
Symbiosis (from Greek , , "living together", from , , "together", and , bíōsis, "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic. The organisms, each termed a symbiont, must be of different species. In 1879, Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms". The term was subject to a century-long debate about whether it should specifically denote mutualism, as in lichens. Biologists have now abandoned that restriction. Symbiosis can be obligatory, which means that one or more of the symbionts depend on each other for survival, or facultative (optional), when they can generally live independently. Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment. When symbionts form a single body it is called conjunctive symbiosis, while all other arrangements are called disjunctive symbiosis."symbiosis." Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term ''cladus'' (plural ''cladi'') is often used in taxonomical literature. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogenetic
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical framew ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
_Boidin_203093.jpg "Click for more on -> Amylostereum")
