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Exocyst Complex
The exocyst is an octameric protein complex involved in vesicle trafficking, specifically the tethering and spatial targeting of post- Golgi vesicles to the plasma membrane prior to vesicle fusion. It is implicated in a number of cell processes, including exocytosis, cell migration, and growth. Subunits The exocyst is composed of eight subunits, whose nomenclature differs between mammalian cells and ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae''. Function The exocyst complex serves to direct vesicles after the Golgi complex to specific locations on the plasma membrane and to mediate their tethering and localization to the membrane immediately before fusion. The exocyst complex has also been implicated in the active trafficking of mitochondria from immune cells to cancer cells. Because of this function, the exocyst complex is heavily involved in exocytosis. Sec3 (EXOC1) and Exo70 (EXOC7) are localized to the plasma membrane, and are physically attached to the membrane by Rho GTPases such as CDC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Octamer
In chemistry and biochemistry, an oligomer () is a molecule that consists of a few repeating units which could be derived, actually or conceptually, from smaller molecules, monomers.Quote: ''Oligomer molecule: A molecule of intermediate relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises a small plurality of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of lower relative molecular mass.'' The name is composed of Greek elements '' oligo-'', "a few" and '' -mer'', "parts". An adjective form is ''oligomeric''. The oligomer concept is contrasted to that of a polymer, which is usually understood to have a large number of units, possibly thousands or millions. However, there is no sharp distinction between these two concepts. One proposed criterion is whether the molecule's properties vary significantly with the removal of one or a few of the units. An oligomer with a specific number of units is referred to by the Greek prefix denoting that number, wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EXOC3
Exocyst complex component 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EXOC3'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the exocyst complex, a multiple protein complex essential for targeting exocytic vesicles to specific docking sites on the plasma membrane. Though best characterized in yeast, the component proteins and functions of exocyst complex have been demonstrated to be highly conserved in higher eukaryotes. At least eight components of the exocyst complex, including this protein, are found to interact with the actin cytoskeletal remodeling and vesicle transport machinery. The complex is also essential for the biogenesis of epithelial cell surface polarity. Interactions EXOC3 has been shown to interact with DLG3 and EXOC4 Exocyst complex component 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EXOC4'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the exocyst complex, a multiple protein complex essential for t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea. In eukaryotes, it extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane and is composed of similar proteins in the various organisms. It is composed of three main components, microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules, and these are all capable of rapid growth or disassembly dependent on the cell's requirements. A multitude of functions can be performed by the cytoskeleton. Its primary function is to give the cell its shape and mechanical resistance to deformation, and through association with extracellular connective tissue and other cells it stabilizes entire tissues. The cytoskeleton can also contract, thereby deforming the cell and the cell's environment and allowing cells to migrate. Moreover, it is involved in many cell signaling pathways and in the uptake of extracellular material ( endocytosis), the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SNARE (protein)
SNARE proteins – " SNAP REceptor" – are a large protein family consisting of at least 24 members in yeasts, more than 60 members in mammalian cells, and some numbers in plants. The primary role of SNARE proteins is to mediate vesicle fusion – the fusion of vesicles with the target membrane; this notably mediates exocytosis, but can also mediate the fusion of vesicles with membrane-bound compartments (such as a lysosome). The best studied SNAREs are those that mediate the neurotransmitter release of synaptic vesicles in neurons. These neuronal SNAREs are the targets of the neurotoxins responsible for botulism and tetanus produced by certain bacteria. Types SNAREs can be divided into two categories: ''vesicle'' or ''v-SNAREs'', which are incorporated into the membranes of transport vesicles during budding, and ''target'' or ''t-SNAREs'', which are associated with nerve terminal membranes. Evidence suggests that t-SNAREs form stable subcomplexes which serve as guides f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rho Family Of GTPases
The Rho family of GTPases is a family of small (~21 kDa) signaling G proteins, and is a subfamily of the Ras superfamily. The members of the Rho GTPase family have been shown to regulate many aspects of intracellular actin dynamics, and are found in all eukaryotic kingdoms, including yeasts and some plants. Three members of the family have been studied in detail: Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA. All G proteins are "molecular switches", and Rho proteins play a role in organelle development, cytoskeletal dynamics, cell movement, and other common cellular functions. History Identification of the Rho family of GTPases began in the mid-1980s. The first identified Rho member was RhoA, isolated serendipitously in 1985 from a low stringency cDNA screening. Rac1 and Rac2 were identified next, in 1989 followed by Cdc42 in 1990. Eight additional mammalian Rho members were identified from biological screenings until the late 1990s, a turning point in biology where availability of complete genome seq ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EXOC8
Exocyst complex component 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EXOC8'' gene. Interactions EXOC8 has been shown to interact Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization using innovative strategies to advocate for the legal and human rights of children with intersex traits. The organizati ... with RALB. References Further reading * * * * * * * {{gene-1-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EXOC7
Exocyst complex component 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EXOC7'' gene. It was formerly known as Exo70. It forms one subunit of the exocyst complex. First discovered in ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'', this and other exocyst proteins have been observed in several other eukaryotes, including humans. In ''S. cerevisiae'', the exocyst complex is involved in the late stages of exocytosis, and is localised at the tip of the bud, the major site of exocytosis in yeast. It interacts with the Rho3 GTPase. This interaction mediates one of the three known functions of Rho3 in cell polarity: vesicle docking and fusion with the plasma membrane (the other two functions are regulation of actin polarity and transport of exocytic vesicles from the mother cell to the bud). In humans, the functions of this protein and the exocyst complex are less well characterised: this protein is expressed in several tissues and is thought to also be involved in exocytosis. Interactions EXOC7 h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EXOC6
Exocyst complex component 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EXOC6 gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to the ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' SEC15 gene product, which is essential for vesicular traffic from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface in yeast. It is one of the components of a multiprotein complex required for exocytosis. The 5' portion of this gene and two neighboring cytochrome p450 genes are included in a deletion that results in an autosomal dominant form of nonsyndromic optic nerve aplasia (ONA). Alternative splicing and the use of alternative promoters results in multiple transcript variants. A paralogous Sequence homology is the biological homology between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences, defined in terms of shared ancestry in the evolutionary history of life. Two segments of DNA can have shared ancestry because of three phenomena: either a sp ... gene encoding a similar protein is present on chromosome 2. Refer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EXOC5
Exocyst complex component 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EXOC5'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the exocyst complex, a multiple protein complex essential for targeting exocytic vesicles to specific docking sites on the plasma membrane. Though best characterized in yeast, the component proteins and functions of exocyst complex have been demonstrated to be highly conserved in higher eukaryotes. At least eight components of the exocyst complex, including this protein, are found to interact with the actin cytoskeletal remodeling and vesicle transport machinery. The complex is also essential for the biogenesis of epithelial cell surface polarity. Interactions EXOC5 has been shown to interact with Arf6 ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) is a member of the ADP ribosylation factor family of GTP-binding proteins. ARF6 has a variety of cellular functions that are frequently involved in trafficking of biological membranes and tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EXOC4
Exocyst complex component 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EXOC4'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the exocyst complex, a multiple protein complex essential for targeting exocytic vesicles to specific docking sites on the plasma membrane. Though best characterized in yeast, the component proteins and functions of exocyst complex have been demonstrated to be highly conserved in higher eukaryotes. At least eight components of the exocyst complex, including this protein, are found to interact with the actin cytoskeletal remodeling and vesicle transport machinery. The complex is also essential for the biogenesis of epithelial cell surface polarity. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. Interactions EXOC4 has been shown to interact with: * DLG3, * DLG4, * EXOC3, * EXOC7, and * GRIN2B Glutamate MDAreceptor subunit epsilon-2, also known as ''N''-methyl D-aspartate rece ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EXOC2
Exocyst complex component 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EXOC2'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the exocyst complex, a multiple protein complex essential for targeting exocytic vesicles to specific docking sites on the plasma membrane. Though best characterized in yeast, the component proteins and the functions of the exocyst complex have been demonstrated to be highly conserved in higher eukaryotes. At least eight components of the exocyst complex, including this protein, are found to interact with the actin cytoskeletal remodeling and vesicle transport machinery. This interaction has been shown to mediate filopodia formation in fibroblasts A fibroblast is a type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, produces the structural framework ( stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are the most common cells o .... References Further reading * * * * * * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
