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Executions At Fort Krzesławice
Executions at Fort Krzesławice were mass executions of Polish citizens carried out by German occupiers at in Kraków. In the early years of the German occupation, Fort Krzesławice served as the primary execution site for Polish political prisoners from the Kraków area. Between October 1939 and November 1941, SS officers and ''Ordnungspolizei'' conducted at least 12 mass executions there, claiming the lives of 440 individuals. Among the victims were many members of Kraków's intelligentsia, arrested as part of the so-called ''AB-Aktion''. Beginning of German occupation Kraków was seized by ''Wehrmacht'' units on 6 September 1939. A week later, a subunit of ''Einsatzgruppe I''It was ''Einsatzkommando 2/I'', led by '' SS-Sturmbannführer'' Bruno Müller. The commander of ''Einsatzgruppe I'', on the other hand, was '' SS-Brigadeführer'' Bruno Streckenbach (). – a special operational group of ''Sicherheitsdienst'' and ''Sicherheitspolizei'' tasked with "eliminating all ele ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kraków
, officially the Royal Capital City of Kraków, is the List of cities and towns in Poland, second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 (2023), with approximately 8 million additional people living within a radius. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596, and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life. Cited as one of Europe's most beautiful cities, its Kraków Old Town, Old Town was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978, one of the world's first sites granted the status. The city began as a Hamlet (place), hamlet on Wawel Hill and was a busy trading centre of Central Europe in 985. In 1038, it became the seat of King of Poland, Polish monarchs from the Piast dynasty, and subsequently served as the centre of administration under Jagiellonian dynasty, Jagiellonian kings and of the Polish–Lithuan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wawel Castle
The Wawel Royal Castle (; ''Zamek Królewski na Wawelu'') and the Wawel Hill on which it sits constitute the most historically and culturally significant site in Poland. A fortified residency on the Vistula River in Kraków, it was established on the orders of King Casimir III the Great and enlarged over the centuries into a number of structures around a Polish Renaissance courtyard. It represents nearly all European architectural styles of the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods. The castle is part of a fortified architectural complex erected atop a limestone outcrop on the left bank of the Vistula River, at an altitude of above sea level. The complex consists of numerous buildings of great historical and national importance, including the Wawel Cathedral where Polish monarchs were crowned and buried. Some of Wawel's oldest stone buildings can be traced back to 970 CE, in addition to the earliest examples of Romanesque and Gothic architecture in Poland. The current ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthur Seyss-Inquart
Arthur Seyss-Inquart (; ; 22 July 1892 16 October 1946) was an Austrian Nazi politician who served as Chancellor of Austria in 1938 for two days before the ''Anschluss''. His positions in Nazi Germany included deputy governor to Hans Frank in the General Government of Occupied Poland, and '' Reichskommissar'' for the German-occupied Netherlands. In the latter role, he shared responsibility for the deportation of Dutch Jews and the shooting of hostages. During World War I, Seyss-Inquart fought for the Austro-Hungarian Army with distinction. After the war he became a successful lawyer, and went on to join the governments of Chancellors Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg. In 1938, Schuschnigg resigned in the face of a German invasion, and Seyss-Inquart was appointed his successor. The newly installed Nazis proceeded to transfer power to Germany, and Austria subsequently became the German province of Ostmark, with Seyss-Inquart as its governor (''Reichsstatthalter''). D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger (8 May 1894 – 10 May 1945) was a German paramilitary commander in charge of, and personally involved in progressive annihilation of the Polish nation, its culture, its heritage and its wealth, and never sentenced for his war crimes. Long before the war he was a high-ranking member of the SA and the SS. Between 1939 and 1943 he was the Higher SS and Police Leader in the General Government, giving him command of all police and security forces in German-occupied Poland. In this capacity, he organized and supervised numerous crimes against humanity and had major responsibility for the German genocide of the Polish nation: the extermination of six million Poles (three million of them Polish Jews) and massive destruction, degradation and impoverishment of the Polish state. He took his own life in May 1945. Career Krüger was born in 1894 into a military family in Straßburg, Alsace-Lorraine, then part of the German Empire (today, Strasbourg, France) He and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obergruppenführer
(, ) was a paramilitary rank in Nazi Germany that was first created in 1932 as a rank of the ''Sturmabteilung'' (SA) and adopted by the ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) one year later. Until April 1942, it was the highest commissioned SS rank after only . Translated as "senior group leader", the rank of was senior to '' Gruppenführer''. A similarly named rank of existed in the SA from 1929 to 1930 and as a title until 1933. In April 1942, the new rank of was created which was above and below . Creation and history The rank of was created in 1932 by Ernst Röhm and was intended as a seniormost rank of the Nazi stormtroopers for use by Röhm and his top SA generals. In its initial concept, the rank was intended to be held by members of the ''Oberste SA-Führung'' (Supreme SA Command) and also by veteran commanders of certain ''SA-Gruppen'' (SA groups). Some of the early promotions to the rank included Ernst Röhm, Viktor Lutze, Edmund Heines, August Schneidhuber, and Frit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Invasion Of Poland
The invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Second Polish Republic, Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic (1939–1945), Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union, which marked the beginning of World War II. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, and one day after the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union had approved the pact. The Soviet invasion of Poland, Soviets invaded Poland on 17 September. The campaign ended on 6 October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland under the terms of the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty. The aim of the invasion was to disestablish Poland as a sovereign country, with its citizens destined for The Holocaust, extermination. German and Field Army Bernolák, Slovak forces ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intelligenzaktion
The ''Intelligenzaktion'' (), or the Intelligentsia mass shootings, was a series of mass murders committed against the Polish people, Polish intelligentsia (teachers, priests, physicians, and other prominent members of Polish society) during the early years of the World War II, Second World War (1939–45) by Nazi Germany. The Germans conducted the operations in accordance with their plan to Germanization, Germanize the western regions of occupied Poland, before their territorial annexation to the Nazi Germany, German Reich. The mass murder operations of the ''Intelligenzaktion'' resulted in the killing of 100,000 Polish people; by way of forced disappearance, the Germans imprisoned and killed select members of Polish society, identified as enemies of the Reich before the war; they were buried in mass graves which were dug in remote places. To facilitate the depopulation of occupied Poland, the Germans Terrorism, terrorised the general populace by carrying out public, summary exe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Niepołomice Forest
Niepołomice Forest () is a large forest complex in western part of Sandomierz Basin, about east of Kraków (center).Polish Journal of Environmental StudiesNiepołomice Forest (Southern Poland): Changes during 30 Years Vol. 12, No. 2 (2003), 239-244 ''(PDF file)''. It is made up of a few protected areas which used to constitute a single virgin forest originally. Niepołomice Forest occupies an area between Vistula and Raba (Vistula), Raba rivers. The main complex covers about . It is situated between the towns of Niepołomice, Baczków, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Baczków, Krzyżanowice, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Krzyżanowice and Mikluszowice. The name ''Niepołomice'' derives from the ''Old Polish language'' word ''niepołomny'' which meant "impassable", or "impossible to destroy" or conquer. Description The forest consists of six nature reserves with the total area of 94.43 hectares. The biggest reserve, called Gibiel (29.79 Hectare, ha), covers the area with the most dive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Przegorzały
Przegorzały is a town in the Zwierzyniec (Kraków), Zwierzyniec district of Kraków (Poland), located west of the city centre. Przegorzały is at the edge of the Wolski Woods, east of Bielany, Kraków, Bielany and west of the Kościuszko Mound, overlooking the Vistula river. It has several nature reserves and has retained a semi-rural character. Originally a separate village, it was first mentioned in 1162 as the property of the Premonstratensian, Norbertine Sisters. Przegorzały was incorporated into the city of Kraków by the Nazi occupiers in 1941. During the Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), Nazi occupation of Poland, over a thousand people (largely ethnic Poles accused of involvement in resistance against the Nazis) are believed to have been executed in Przegorzały at the spot known as Glinik. The most famous building in Przegorzały is Przegorzały Castle. What is now known as the "Bastion" was built by the Polish art historian Adolf Szyszko-Bohusz as his own residence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Montelupich Prison
The Montelupich Prison, named for the street on which it is located, the ''ulica Montelupich'' ("street of the Montelupi family"),Ulica Montelupich or "street of the Montelupis" itself is named after the Montelupi manor house (Kamienica (architecture), kamienica) located at Montelupich street Number 7, the so called ''Kamienica Montelupich'' built in the 16th century, and in the 19th century adapted as part of the Austrian Partition, Austrian military tribunal. is a historic prison in Kraków, Poland, dating from the early 20th century. It was used by the Gestapo in World War II and has been called "one of the most terrible Nazi prisons in Occupation of Poland (1939–45), occupied Poland". The Gestapo took over the facility from the German ''Sicherheitspolizei'' at the end of March 1941. One of the Nazi officials responsible for overseeing the Montelupich Prison was Ludwig Hahn. World War II prisoners at Montelupich were made up predominantly of the ethnically Polish political p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Resistance Movement In World War II
In Poland, the Resistance during World War II, resistance movement during World War II was led by the Home Army. The Polish resistance is notable among others for disrupting German supply lines to the Eastern Front (World War II), Eastern Front (damaging or destroying 1/8 of all rail transports), and providing military intelligence, intelligence reports to the United Kingdom, British British intelligence agencies, intelligence agencies (providing 43% of all reports from German-occupied Europe, occupied Europe). It was a part of the Polish Underground State. Organizations The largest of all Polish resistance organizations was the Armia Krajowa (Home Army, AK), loyal to the Polish government in exile in London. The AK was formed in 1942 from the Union of Armed Struggle (''Związek Walki Zbrojnej'' or ZWZ, itself created in 1939) and would eventually incorporate most other Polish armed resistance groups (except for the communists and some far-right groups). [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obersturmbannführer
__NOTOC__ ''Obersturmbannführer'' (Senior Assault-unit Leader; ; short: ''Ostubaf'') was a paramilitary rank in the German Nazi Party ( NSDAP) which was used by the SA (''Sturmabteilung'') and the SS (''Schutzstaffel''). The rank of ' was junior to the rank of '' Standartenführer'', and was equivalent to the military rank of ''Oberstleutnant'' ( lieutenant colonel) in the German Army. As the SA expanded, the rank of ''Ostubaf'' was created in May 1933 to provide a rank above '' Sturmbannführer''; likewise, the ''Ostubaf'' was an SS rank. The ' rank insignia was composed of four silver pips and a black stripe on a silver background, all elements are centered in the left wing of the collar of the tunic of an SS or of an SA uniform. The rank also was worn on the shoulder boards of an ''Oberstleutnant'' and was the highest rank in the SS and the SA to display SS unit insignia on the collar wing opposite the rank insignia. Various Waffen-SS units composed of foreign recruits ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
