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Evening Standard (Melbourne)
The ''Evening Standard'', formerly ''The Standard'' (1827–1904), is a long-established newspaper, since 2009 a local free newspaper in Tabloid (newspaper format), tabloid format, with a website on the Internet, published in London, England. In October 2009, after being purchased by Russian businessman Alexander Lebedev, the paper ended a 180-year history of Newspaper circulation, paid circulation and multiple editions every day, and became a free newspaper publishing a single print edition on weekdays, doubling its circulation as part of a change in its business plan. On 29 May 2024, it was announced the newspaper would go from a daily to weekly print publication, after becoming unprofitable History From 1827 to 2009 The newspaper was founded by barrister Stanley Lees Giffard on 21 May 1827 as ''The Standard''. The early owner of the paper was Charles Baldwin. Under the ownership of James Johnstone (publisher), James Johnstone, ''The Standard'' became a morning paper fr ...
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Free Daily Newspaper
Free newspapers are distributed free of charge, often in central places in cities and towns, on public transport, with other newspapers, or separately door-to-door. The revenues of such newspapers are based on advertising. They are published at different levels of frequencies, such as daily, weekly or monthly. Origins Outside the U.S. Germany In 1885 the ''General-Anzeiger für Lübeck und Umgebung'' (Germany) was launched. The paper was founded in 1882 by Charles Coleman (1852–1936) as a free twice-a-week advertising paper in the Northern German town of Lübeck. In 1885 the paper went daily. From the beginning the ''General-Anzeiger für Lübeck'' had a mixed model, for 60 pfennig it was home delivered for three months. Unknown, however, is when the free distribution ended. The company website states that the ’sold’ circulation in 1887 was 5,000; in 1890 total circulation was 12,800. Australia In 1906 the Australian ''Manly Daily'' was launched. It was distributed o ...
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Newspaper Circulation
Print circulation is the average number of copies of a publication. The number of copies of a non-periodical publication (such as a book) are usually called print run. Circulation is not always the same as copies sold, often called paid circulation, since some issues are distributed without cost to the reader. Readership figures are usually higher than circulation figures because of the assumption that a typical copy is read by more than one person. Concept Print circulation is a good proxy measure of print readership and is thus one of the principal factors used to set print advertising rates (prices). In many countries, circulations are audited by independent bodies such as the Audit Bureau of Circulations to assure advertisers that a given newspaper does reach the number of people claimed by the publisher. There are international open access directories such as ''Mondo Times'', but these generally rely on numbers reported by newspapers themselves. World newspapers with th ...
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Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere
Harold Sidney Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere, (26 April 1868 – 26 November 1940) was a leading British newspaper proprietor who owned Associated Newspapers Ltd. He is best known, like his brother Alfred Harmsworth, later Viscount Northcliffe, for the development of the ''Daily Mail'' and the ''Daily Mirror''. Rothermere was a pioneer of popular tabloid journalism. Two of Rothermere's three sons were killed in action during the First World War and in the 1930s, he advocated instead peaceful relations between Germany and the United Kingdom, and used his media influence to that end. His open support for fascism and praise for Nazism and the British Union of Fascists contributed to the popularity of those views in the 1930s. That ambition, for which Rothermere became best known, was not successful, and he died in Bermuda early in the war. Background Harmsworth was the second son of Alfred and Geraldine Mary Harmsworth. His thirteen siblings included Alfred Harmsworth, 1 ...
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Daily Mail
The ''Daily Mail'' is a British daily middle-market tabloid newspaper and news websitePeter Wilb"Paul Dacre of the Daily Mail: The man who hates liberal Britain", ''New Statesman'', 19 December 2013 (online version: 2 January 2014) published in London. Founded in 1896, it is the United Kingdom's highest-circulated daily newspaper. Its sister paper ''The Mail on Sunday'' was launched in 1982, while Scottish and Irish editions of the daily paper were launched in 1947 and 2006 respectively. Content from the paper appears on the MailOnline website, although the website is managed separately and has its own editor. The paper is owned by the Daily Mail and General Trust. Jonathan Harmsworth, 4th Viscount Rothermere, a great-grandson of one of the original co-founders, is the current chairman and controlling shareholder of the Daily Mail and General Trust, while day-to-day editorial decisions for the newspaper are usually made by a team led by the editor, Ted Verity, who succeede ...
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Daily Express
The ''Daily Express'' is a national daily United Kingdom middle-market newspaper printed in tabloid format. Published in London, it is the flagship of Express Newspapers, owned by publisher Reach plc. It was first published as a broadsheet in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson. Its sister paper, the ''Sunday Express'', was launched in 1918. In June 2022, it had an average daily circulation of 201,608. The paper rose to become the largest circulation newspaper in the world under Lord Beaverbrook, going from 2 million in the 1930s to 4 million in the 1940s. It was acquired by Richard Desmond's company Northern & Shell in 2000. Hugh Whittow was the editor from February 2011 until he retired in March 2018. In February 2018 Trinity Mirror acquired the ''Daily Express'', and other publishing assets of Northern & Shell, in a deal worth £126.7 million. To coincide with the purchase the Trinity Mirror group changed the name of the company to ''Reach''. Hugh Whittow resigned as editor ...
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Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook
William Maxwell Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook (25 May 1879 – 9 June 1964), generally known as Lord Beaverbrook, was a Canadian-British newspaper publisher and backstage politician who was an influential figure in British media and politics of the first half of the 20th century. His base of power was the largest circulation newspaper in the world, the ''Daily Express'', which appealed to the conservative working class with intensely patriotic news and editorials. During the Second World War, he played a major role in mobilising industrial resources as Winston Churchill's Minister of Aircraft Production. The young Max Aitken had a gift for making money and was a millionaire by 30. His business ambitions quickly exceeded opportunities in Canada and he moved to Britain. There he befriended Bonar Law and with his support won a seat in the House of Commons at the December 1910 United Kingdom general election. A knighthood followed shortly after. During the First World War he ran th ...
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Davison Dalziel, 1st Baron Dalziel Of Wooler
Davison Alexander Dalziel, 1st Baron Dalziel of Wooler (17 October 1852 – 18 April 1928), known as Sir Davison Dalziel, Bt, between 1919 and 1928, was a British newspaper owner and Conservative Party politician. He sat in the House of Commons between 1910 and 1927, before a brief period in the House of Lords. He was the founder of Dalziel's News Agency. Life Dalziel was born in London, the son of Davison Octavian Dalziel and Helen Gaultier. Dalziel moved to New South Wales to work as a journalist for the ''Sydney Echo''. He also spent several years in the United States in the management department of various newspapers, and when he returned to England in 1890 he set up his own business, Dalziel's News Agency. With partners he bought controlling stakes in ''The Standard'' and ''Evening Standard'' newspapers in 1910. He sold off his newspaper interests to further his work in the cab industry, setting up several companies including General Motor Cab Company Ltd, the Pullman Car C ...
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Sir Edward Hulton, 1st Baronet
Sir Edward George Stephen Hulton, 1st Baronet (3 March 1869 – 23 May 1925) was a British newspaper proprietor and thoroughbred racehorse owner. In 1921, he was awarded a baronetcy, of Downside in the parish of Leatherhead in Surrey, for public services during World War I, which became extinct on his death in 1925. Early life Hulton was born on 3 March 1869 in Hulme, Manchester. He was the second son of Edward Hulton (1838–1904), a Manchester newspaper publisher, and wife Mary Mosley. He was raised as a Roman Catholic in Whalley Range, Manchester and attended St Bede's Commercial College from 1878–85. Newspapers Hulton's father founded the ''Sporting Chronicle'' in 1871, the ''Athletic News'' in 1875 and the ''Sunday Chronicle'' in 1885. Hulton subsequently founded the ''Manchester Evening Chronicle'' in 1897 (renamed ''Evening Chronicle'' in 1914), the ''Daily Dispatch'' in 1900 and the ''Daily Sketch'', a tabloid, in 1909. Edward Hulton and Co., of London and Manc ...
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Sir Arthur Pearson, 1st Baronet
Sir Cyril Arthur Pearson, 1st Baronet, (24 February 1866 – 9 December 1921), was a British newspaper Business magnate, magnate and publisher, best known for founding the ''Daily Express''. Family and early life Pearson was born in the village of Wookey, Somerset, a son of the marriage of Arthur Cyril Pearson and Phillippa Massingberd Maxwell Lyte, a granddaughter of the hymn-writer and poet Henry Francis Lyte. He was educated at Winchester College in Hampshire. His father became rector of Drayton Parslow in Buckinghamshire. His first job was as a journalist working for the London-based publisher George Newnes on ''Tit-Bits'' magazine. Within his first year he had impressed Newnes enough to be made his principal assistant. In December 1887, Pearson married Isobel Sarah Bennett, the daughter of Canon Frederick Bennett, of Maddington, Wiltshire, with whom he had three daughters. In 1897, Pearson married, as his second wife, Ethel, Lady Pearson, Ethel, daughter of William ...
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Encyclopædia Britannica
The (Latin for "British Encyclopædia") is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. It is published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; the company has existed since the 18th century, although it has changed ownership various times through the centuries. The encyclopaedia is maintained by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 contributors. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, which spans 32 volumes and 32,640 pages, was the last printed edition. Since 2016, it has been published exclusively as an online encyclopaedia. Printed for 244 years, the ''Britannica'' was the longest running in-print encyclopaedia in the English language. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in the Scottish capital of Edinburgh, as three volumes. The encyclopaedia grew in size: the second edition was 10 volumes, and by its fourth edition (1801–1810) it had expanded to 20 volumes. Its rising stature as a scholarly work helped recruit eminent con ...
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Austro-Prussian War
The Austro-Prussian War, also by many variant names such as Seven Weeks' War, German Civil War, Brothers War or Fraternal War, known in Germany as ("German War"), (; "German war of brothers") and by a variety of other names, was fought in 1866 between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, with each also being aided by various allies within the German Confederation. Prussia had also allied with the Kingdom of Italy, linking this conflict to the Third Italian War of Independence, Third Independence War of Italian unification. The Austro-Prussian War was part of the wider Austria-Prussia rivalry, rivalry between Austria and Prussia, and resulted in Prussian dominance over the German states. The major result of the war was a shift in power among the German states away from Austrian and towards Prussian hegemony. It resulted in the abolition of the German Confederation and its partial replacement by the unification of Germany, unification of all of the northern German sta ...
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