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European Interwar Dictatorships
This is a list of dictatorial regimes operational in Europe, European states in the interwar period, the period between the First World War and the Second World War. Table summary See also * Interwar period * Dictatorship Footnotes {{Reflist, 3 Further reading * Gerhard Besier, Katarzyna Stokłosa, ''European Dictatorships: A Comparative History of the Twentieth Century'', Cambridge 2014, ISBN 9781443855211 * Carles Boix, Michael K. Miller, Sebastian Rosato, ''A Complete Dataset of Political Regimes, 1800-2007'', [in:] ''Comparative Political Studies'' 46/12 (2013), pp. 1523-1554 * Stephen J. Lee, ''European Dictatorships, 1918-1945'', London 2002, ISBN 9780415230452 * Monty G. Marshall,Ted Gurr, Keith Jaggers, ''The Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2012 – Dataset Users’ Manual'', s.l. 2017, availablehere* Jørgen Møller, Svend-Erik Skaaning, ''Mapping Political Regime Developments in Interwar Europe: A Multidimensional Approach ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrey Lyapchev
Andrey Tasev Lyapchev (Tarpov) ( bg, Андрей Тасев Ляпчев (Tърпов)) (30 November 1866 – 6 November 1933) was a Bulgarian Prime Minister in three consecutive governments. Early years Lyapchev was born in the Macedonian city of Resen, which was at the time a part of the Ottoman Empire, and played a leading role in Bulgarian politics. Lyapchev's family is thought to have originated from a certain Dore, a Megleno-Romanian potter who fled the Islamization of his native Notia and settled in Resen in the 18th century. Andrey Lyapchev started his education in Resen but after the April Uprising of 1876 the local school was shut down by Ottoman authorities, following the fate of many other Bulgarian schools in Macedonia. He spent the next three years helping his brother Georgi run his shop in Bitola. Georgi was left to take care of the family after the death of their father. In 1879 Lyapchev signed in the Bitola gymnasium and two years later he moved to the new ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
President Hindenburg
Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (; abbreviated ; 2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a German field marshal and statesman who led the Imperial German Army during World War I and later became President of Germany from 1925 until his death in 1934. During his presidency, he played a key role in the Nazi seizure of power in January 1933 when, under pressure from advisers, he appointed Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany. Hindenburg was born to a family of minor Prussian nobility in Posen. Upon completing his education as a cadet, he enlisted in the Third Regiment of Foot Guards as a second lieutenant. He then saw combat during the Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian wars. In 1873, he was admitted to the prestigious '' Kriegsakademie'' in Berlin, where he studied for three years before being appointed to the Army's General Staff Corps. Later in 1885, he was promoted to the rank of major and became a member of the Great General Staff. Following a f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Nazi Germany, Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his death in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the Chancellor of Germany, chancellor in 1933 and then taking the title of in 1934. During his dictatorship, he initiated European theatre of World War II, World War II in Europe by invasion of Poland, invading Poland on 1 September 1939. He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust: the genocide of Holocaust victims, about six million Jews and millions of other victims. Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary and was raised near Linz. He lived in Vienna later in the first decade of the 1900s and moved to Germany in 1913. He was decorated during his Military career of Adolf Hitler, service in the German Army in Worl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patriotic League (Estonia)
The Patriotic League ( et, Isamaaliit) was a political movement founded in 1935 in Estonia, and thereafter, until 1940, the only legal political quasi-party, as the activities of any political party were suspended in the country during that time. History After Konstantin Päts's self-coup in 1934, the activities of all political parties – including Päts's own Union of Settlers and Smallholders – were suspended.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p566 The Patriotic League was established on 9 March 1935 as the political movement of the establishment, with the opposition parties' activities remaining suspended.Vincent E McHale (1983) ''Political parties of Europe'', Greenwood Press, p380 Elections An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Union Of Settlers And Smallholders
The Union of Settlers and Smallholders ( et, Asunikkude ning väikemaapidajate Koondis, ''AVK'') was a political party in Estonia. History The party was established in 1932 as a merger of the ruling Farmers' Assemblies party and the Settlers' Party, Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p579 with the two parties holding a combined 38 seats in the Riigikogu. In the 1932 elections the new party won 42 seats, the most seats ever won in multi-party elections in Estonia. It continued in government, with Kaarel Eenpalu becoming Head of State. In 1933 it suffered a major split when the large conservative faction of the Farmers' Assemblies left the Union to re-establish their party.Vincent E McHale (1983) ''Political parties of Europe'', Greenwood Press, p380 Along with all others, the party was banned in 1935 following Konstantin Päts's self-coup A self-coup, also called autocoup (from the es, autogolpe), is a form of coup d'état in which a n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
President-Regent
Riigihoidja (officially translated as President-Regent) was the name of the office of the head of state and head of government of Estonia from 3 September 1937 to 24 April 1938. The only person to hold this position was Konstantin Päts, five time former State Elder. His eventual successor ex officio was Johan Laidoner Johan Laidoner ( – 13 March 1953) was an Estonian general and statesman. He served as Commander‑in‑Chief of the Estonian Armed Forces during the 1918–1920 Estonian War of Independence and was among the most influential people in the Eston ..., then Commander-in-Chief. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia Amendment Act (1933), initiated by a citizens’ initiative and approved by the people on the referendum on 14, 15 and 16 October 1933, (''Riigi Teataja'' 28 October 1933 No. 86 Article 628) which entered into force on the 100th day after the referendum of 24 January 1934, the Elder of State was the representative of the people who ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Elder
The Head of State of Estonia or State Elder ( et, riigivanem) was the official title of the Estonian head of state from 1920 to 1937. He combined some of the functions held by a president and prime minister in most other democracies. According to the 1920 Estonian Constitution, which was enforced by the “Constitution of the Republic of Estonia, the Referendum Act and the Citizens’s Initiative Act Implementation Act“ on July 2, 1920, after being approved by the Constituent Assembly on June 16, 1920 (''Riigi Teataja'' August 9, 1920 No. 113/114), the Government of the Republic consisted of the ''riigivanem'' (Head of State) and Ministers (Section 58). The responsibilities of the Head of State were representing the Republic of Estonia, administration and co-ordination of the activities of the Government of the Republic, chairing the Government meetings; the Head of State had the right to make inquiries about the activities of the Ministers (Section 62). The Government of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1936 Estonian National Assembly Election
National Assembly elections were held in Estonia between 12 and 14 December 1936. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p574 As the activities of all parties were suspended, only individual candidates were allowed to run. Candidates affiliated with the pro-government Patriotic League ran in all 80 constituencies, in only 30 were they contested by one or more opposition candidates.Nohlen & Stöver, p581 Voter turnout was 57.8%. Results References {{Estonia-election-stub Estonia Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ... 1936 in Estonia Election and referendum articles with incomplete results ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1938 Estonian Parliamentary Election
Events January * January 1 ** The Constitution of Estonia#Third Constitution (de facto 1938–1940, de jure 1938–1992), new constitution of Estonia enters into force, which many consider to be the ending of the Era of Silence and the authoritarian regime. ** state-owned enterprise, State-owned railway networks are created by merger, in France (SNCF) and the Netherlands (Nederlandse Spoorwegen – NS). * January 20 – King Farouk of Egypt marries Safinaz Zulficar, who becomes Farida of Egypt, Queen Farida, in Cairo. * January 27 – The Honeymoon Bridge (Niagara Falls), Honeymoon Bridge at Niagara Falls, New York, collapses as a result of an ice jam. February * February 4 ** Adolf Hitler abolishes the War Ministry and creates the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces), giving him direct control of the German military. In addition, he dismisses political and military leaders considered unsympathetic to his philosophy or policies. Gene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Konstantin Päts
Konstantin Päts (; – 18 January 1956) was an Estonian statesman and the country's president in 1938–1940. Päts was one of the most influential politicians of the independent democratic Republic of Estonia, and during the two decades prior to World War II he also served five times as the country's prime minister. Päts was one of the first Estonians to become active in politics and started an almost 40-year political rivalry with Jaan Tõnisson, first through journalism with his newspaper '' Teataja'', later through politics. Päts was sentenced to death (in absentia) during the Russian Revolution of 1905, but managed to flee the country first to Switzerland, then to Finland, where he continued his literary work. He returned to Estonia (then part of the Russian Empire), but had to spend time in prison in 1910–1911. In 1917, Päts headed the provincial government of the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia, but was forced to go underground after the Bolshevik coup in No ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rudolf Beran
Rudolf Beran (28 December 1887, in Pracejovice, Strakonice District – 23 April 1954, in Leopoldov Prison) was a Czechoslovak politician who served as prime minister of the country before its occupation by Nazi Germany and shortly thereafter, before it was declared a protectorate. A leader of the Agrarian Party from 1933, he was appointed prime minister by President Emil Hácha on 1 December 1938. Beran was somewhat ambivalent toward democracy. In the hope of appeasing the Germans after the Munich Agreement, he gathered most of the nonsocialist parties in the Czech lands into the Party of National Unity, with himself as its leader. He also subjected the press to tough censorship, but he presided over granting the Slovaks and Ruthenians' longstanding demands for autonomy. None of the measures was enough to prevent Slovakia from seceding on 14 March, or Germany from occupying the remainder of the country a day later. He then served as the first prime minister of the Protectorate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
