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European Elm Bark Beetle
''Scolytus multistriatus'', the European elm bark beetle or smaller European elm bark beetle, is a bark beetle species in the genus ''Scolytus''. In Europe, while ''S. multistriatus'' acts as vector of the Dutch elm disease, caused by the Ascomycota ''Ophiostoma ulmi'', it is much less effective than the large elm bark beetle, '' S. scolytus''. ''S. multistriatus'' uses vanillin and syringaldehyde as signals to find a host tree during oviposition.Vanillin and Syringaldehyde as Attractants for ''Scolytus multistriatus'' (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Meyer H.J. and Norris D.M., Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 17 July 1967, Volume 60, Number 4, pages 858-859,abstract File:01a Scolytus multistriatus Imago 40fach.jpg, female file:01a Scolytus multistriatus Imago 40fach rechte Seite.jpg, female file:01a Scolytus multistriatus Imago 20fach.jpg, female file:01a Scolytus multistriatus Imago 20fach rechte Seite.jpg, female file:04 Scolytus multistriatus Fraßbild.jpg, ''Scolyt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Marsham
Thomas Marsham (1748–26 November 1819) was an English entomologist, specializing on beetles. Biography He married a Miss Symes of Ufford, Northants, and had two daughters. He was Secretary to the West India Dock Company for many years and during the Napoleonic Wars became an officer in the volunteer corps of the Home Guard in 1802. He was a founder member of the Linnean Society and its Secretary from 1788–98 and Treasurer from 1798-1816. He was a friend of James Francis Stephens, William Kirby and Alexander Macleay . Works *Observations on the ''Phalaena lubricipeda'' of Linnaeus and some other moths allied to it' ''Transactions of the Linnean Society'', 1, 1791, pp. 67–75. *System of Entomology, ''Hall's Royal Encyclopaedia '' (1788), reprinted 1796. *''Entomologia Britannica, sistens Insecta Britanniae indigena secundum Linneum deposita. Coleoptera''., 1802. A collaborative work listing 1,307 species. Further voloumes on other orders were intended but never ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scolytus
''Scolytus'' is a genus of bark beetles (subfamily Scolytinae). It includes several species notorious for destroying trees in the forests. The Dutch elm disease is spread in North America by two species : the native elm bark beetle, ''Hylurgopinus rufipes'', and the European elm bark beetle, ''Scolytus multistriatus''. In Europe, while the aforementioned ''Scolytus multistriatus'' again acts as vector for infection, it is much less effective than the large elm bark beetle ''Scolytus scolytus''. Species Species include: *''Scolytus amygdali'' Guerin, 1847, the almond bark beetle *''Scolytus dentatus'' Bright, 1964 *''Scolytus fagi'' Walsh, 1867 *''Scolytus jacobsoni'' Spessivtzev, 1919 *''Scolytus laricis'' Blackman, 1934, the larch engraver *'' Scolytus mali'' ( Bechstein, 1805), the larger shothole borer *''Scolytus monticolae'' Swaine, 1917 *''Scolytus multistriatus'' (Marsham, 1802), the European elm bark beetle, smaller European elm bark beetle *''Scolytus muticus'' Say ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vector (epidemiology)
In epidemiology, a disease vector is any living agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen to another living organism; agents regarded as vectors are organisms, such as parasites or microbes. The first major discovery of a disease vector came from Ronald Ross in 1897, who discovered the malaria pathogen when he dissected a mosquito. Arthropods Arthropods form a major group of pathogen vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks, and mites transmitting a huge number of pathogens. Many such vectors are haematophagous, which feed on blood at some or all stages of their lives. When the insects feed on blood, the pathogen enters the blood stream of the host. This can happen in different ways. The ''Anopheles'' mosquito, a vector for malaria, filariasis, and various arthropod-borne-viruses (arboviruses), inserts its delicate mouthpart under the skin and feeds on its host's blood. The parasites the mosquito carries are usually located in its salivary gla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dutch Elm Disease
Dutch elm disease (DED) is caused by a member of the sac fungi (Ascomycota) affecting elm trees, and is spread by elm bark beetles. Although believed to be originally native to Asia, the disease was accidentally introduced into Americas, America, Europe, and New Zealand. In these regions it has devastated native populations of elms that did not have resistance to the disease. The name "Dutch elm disease" refers to its identification in 1921 and later in the Netherlands by Dutch phytopathologists Marie Beatrice Schol-Schwarz, Bea Schwarz and Christine Buisman, who both worked with professor Johanna Westerdijk. The disease affects species in the genera ''Ulmus'' and ''Zelkova''; therefore it is not specific to the Ulmus × hollandica, Dutch elm hybrid. Overview Dutch elm disease (DED) is caused by ascomycete microfungi. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ascomycota
Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The defining feature of this fungal group is the " ascus" (), a microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores, are formed. However, some species of the Ascomycota are asexual, meaning that they do not have a sexual cycle and thus do not form asci or ascospores. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, brewers' and bakers' yeast, dead man's fingers, and cup fungi. The fungal symbionts in the majority of lichens (loosely termed "ascolichens") such as ''Cladonia'' belong to the Ascomycota. Ascomycota is a monophyletic group (it contains all descendants of one common ancestor). Previously placed in the Deuteromycota along with asexual species from other fungal taxa, asexual (or anamorphic) ascomyce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ophiostoma Ulmi
''Ophiostoma ulmi'' is a species of fungus in the family Ophiostomataceae. It is one of the causative agents of Dutch elm disease. It was first described under the name ''Graphium ulmi'', and later transferred to the genus ''Ophiostoma''. Dutch elm disease originated in Europe in the early 1900s. Elm trees were once an ecologically valuable tree that dominated mixed broadleaf forests, floodplains, and low areas near rivers and streams. They were planted in urban settings because of their aesthetic appeal and their ability to provide shade due to their V like shape. An outbreak of Dutch elm disease in the 1920s and again in the 1970s was responsible for the death of more than 40 million American elm trees. ''Ophiostoma ulmi'' was the first known cause of Dutch elm disease . Since its discovery in 1910, new forms of the fungus, specifically ''Ophiostoma novo-ulmi,'' have emerged and appear to be more resistant to control measures and more aggressive in their infection. Host rang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scolytus Scolytus
''Scolytus scolytus'', the larger European elm bark beetle or large elm bark beetle, is a 3.5–6 mm long bark beetle species. [] [] It is of significant importance in Eurasia as a Vector (epidemiology), vector of Dutch elm disease. Description Pronotum black and shiny, with red-brown anterior and posterior margins. Elytra, antennae, legs and abdomen are red-brown. Forehead with fine wrinkles and tubercles and a thick brush of hairs. Female's forehead convex, male's is flattened. Elytra bear well developed but shallow longitudinal punctate grooves. Elytra are tapering posteriorly. Abdomen sharply concave, oblique to the tip. In the middle of the posterior edge of the third and fourth abdominal segments there is usually an acute tubercle. The males have a continuous (although incrementally shorter toward middle) brush of golden hair at the apex of the abdomen. Life cycle The first generation flies mainly in June, in certain years stretching from the end of May to the midd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vanillin
Vanillin is an organic compound with the molecular formula . It is a phenolic aldehyde. Its functional groups include aldehyde, hydroxyl, and ether. It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. Synthetic vanillin is now used more often than natural vanilla extract as a flavoring in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Vanillin and ethylvanillin are used by the food industry; ethylvanillin is more expensive, but has a stronger note. It differs from vanillin by having an ethoxy group (−O−CH2CH3) instead of a methoxy group (−O−CH3). Natural vanilla extract is a mixture of several hundred different compounds in addition to vanillin. Artificial vanilla flavoring is often a solution of pure vanillin, usually of synthetic origin. Because of the scarcity and expense of natural vanilla extract, synthetic preparation of its predominant component has long been of interest. The first commercial synthesis of vanillin began with the more readily available na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syringaldehyde
Syringaldehyde is an organic compound that occurs in trace amounts widely in nature. Some species of insects use syringaldehyde in their chemical communication systems. ''Scolytus multistriatus'' uses it as a signal to find a host tree during oviposition. Because it contains many functional groups, it can be classified in many ways - aromatic, aldehyde, phenol. It is a colorless solid (impure samples appear yellowish) that is soluble in alcohol and polar organic solvents. Its refractive index is 1.53. Natural sources Syringaldehyde can be found naturally in the wood of spruce and maple trees. Syringaldehyde is also formed in oak barrels and extracted into whisky, which it gives spicy, smoky, hot and smoldering wood aromas. Preparation This compound may be prepared from syringol by the Duff reaction: : See also *Phenolic content in wine *Syringol *Syringic acid *Acetosyringone *Sinapyl alcohol *Sinapinic acid *Sinapaldehyde *Sinapine *Canolol Canolol is a phenolic comp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ulmus Glabra
''Ulmus glabra'' Hudson, the wych elm or Scots elm, has the widest range of the European elm species, from Ireland eastwards to the Urals, and from the Arctic Circle south to the mountains of the Peloponnese and Sicily, where the species reaches its southern limit in Europe; it is also found in Iran. A large deciduous tree, it is essentially a montane species, growing at elevations up to , preferring sites with moist soils and high humidity.Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009). ''Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen'' (:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij. The tree can form pure forests in Scandinavia and occurs as far north as latitude 67°N at Beiarn in Norway. It has been successfully introduced as far north as Tromsø, Norway and Alta, Norway (70°N). It has also been successfully introduced to Narsarsuaq, near the southern tip of Greenland ( 61°N). The tree was by far the most common elm in the north and west of the Britis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scolytinae
A bark beetle is the common name for the subfamily of beetles Scolytinae. Previously, this was considered a distinct family (Scolytidae), but is now understood to be a specialized clade of the "true weevil" family (Curculionidae). Although the term "bark beetle" refers to the fact that many species feed in the inner bark (phloem) layer of trees, the subfamily also has many species with other lifestyles, including some that bore into wood, feed in fruit and seeds, or tunnel into herbaceous plants. Well-known species are members of the type genus ''Scolytus'', namely the European elm bark beetle ''S. multistriatus'' and the large elm bark beetle ''S. scolytus'', which like the American elm bark beetle ''Hylurgopinus rufipes'', transmit Dutch elm disease fungi (''Ophiostoma''). The mountain pine beetle ''Dendroctonus ponderosae'', southern pine beetle ''Dendroctonus frontalis'', and their near relatives are major pests of conifer forests in North America. A similarly aggressive spec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insect Pests Of Temperate Forests
Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. Their blood is not totally contained in vessels; some circulates in an open cavity known as the haemocoel. Insects are the most diverse group of animals; they include more than a million described species and represent more than half of all known living organisms. The total number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million; In: potentially over 90% of the animal life forms on Earth are insects. Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, which are dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans, which recent research has indicated insects are nested within. Nearly all insects hatch from eggs. Insect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
