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Estonian Partisans
Estonian Partisans or the Forest Brothers in Estonia ( et, Metsavennad) were partisans who waged guerrilla warfare against the Soviet forces in Estonia from 1940 to 1941 and 1944–1978. As soon as the USSR occupied and annexed Estonia in 1940, former civilians, soldiers, and potential political opposition to the Kremlin were threatened with arrests and repression. More people began to seek refuge in the forest after the mass deportation on June 14, 1941. The largest organization of the Forest Brothers was the Armed Combat Union (RVL), which operated from 1946 to 1949. The most important leaders of the RVL fell in the summer of 1949. Johannes Lillenurm, the last released member of the RVL, died in Läänemaa in 1980. The biggest battles between the Forest Brothers and the KGB units ended in Estonia in 1953. Some battles continued to be fought until 1957. The last Forest Brothers alive were arrested in the summer of 1967 in Võru County, Hugo and Aksel Mõttus. The last of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guerrilla War In The Baltic States
The Guerrilla war in the Baltic states was an armed struggle which was waged by the Latvian, Lithuanian, and Estonian partisans, called the Forest Brothers (also: the "Brothers of the Wood" and the "Forest Friars"; et, metsavennad, lv, mežabrāļi, lt, žaliukai), against the Soviet Union during the Soviet invasion and occupation of the three Baltic states both during and after World War II. Similar anti-Soviet Central and Eastern European resistance groups fought against Soviet and communist rule in Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, and western Ukraine. The Red Army occupied the independent Baltic states in 1940–1941 and, after a period of German occupation, it re-occupied them in 1944–1945. As Stalinist repression intensified over the following years, some 50,000 residents of these countries used the heavily forested countryside as a natural refuge and base for armed anti-Soviet insurgency. According to some estimates, 10,000 partisans in Estonia, 10,000 partisans in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wehrmacht
The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmacht''" replaced the previously used term and was the manifestation of the Nazi regime's efforts to rearm Germany to a greater extent than the Treaty of Versailles permitted. After the Nazi rise to power in 1933, one of Adolf Hitler's most overt and audacious moves was to establish the ''Wehrmacht'', a modern offensively-capable armed force, fulfilling the Nazi régime's long-term goals of regaining lost territory as well as gaining new territory and dominating its neighbours. This required the reinstatement of conscription and massive investment and defense spending on the arms industry. The ''Wehrmacht'' formed the heart of Germany's politico-military power. In the early part of the Second World War, the ''Wehrmacht'' employed combined arms tactics (close-cover ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flue Pipe
A flue pipe (also referred to as a ''labial'' pipe) is an organ pipe that produces sound through the vibration of air molecules, in the same manner as a recorder or a whistle. Air under pressure (called ''wind'') is driven through a flue and against a sharp lip called a ''labium'', causing the column of air in the pipe to resonate at a frequency determined by the pipe length (see wind instrument). Thus, there are no moving parts in a flue pipe. This is in contrast to reed pipes, whose sound is driven by beating reeds, as in a clarinet. Flue pipes are common components of pipe organs. Stop Flue pipes include all stops of the "Principal", "Flute", and "String" classes, and some stops from the "Hybrid" class. Construction Flue pipes may be metallic or wooden. Metal pipes are usually circular in cross section; wooden pipes are usually square or rectangular, though triangular and round wooden pipes do exist. A flue pipe has two major parts, a foot and a resonator. The ''foot'' i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sõmerpalu Parish
Sõmerpalu Parish ( et, Sõmerpalu vald; vro, Sõmmõrpalo vald) was a rural municipality of Estonia, in Võru County. It had a population of 1,771 (as of 1 January 2016) and an area of 181.93 km². Settlements ;Small borough Sõmerpalu ;Villages Alakülä - Alapõdra - Haava - Haidaku - Haamaste - Hänike - Hargi - Heeska - Horma - Hutita - Järvere - Kahro - Kärgula - Keema - Kurenurme - Lakovitsa - Leiso - Liiva - Lilli-Anne - Linnamäe - Mäekülä - Majala - Mustassaare - Mustja - Osula - Pritsi - Pulli - Punakülä - Rauskapalu - Rummi - Sõmerpalu - Sulbi - Udsali - Varese Varese ( , , or ; lmo, label= Varesino, Varés ; la, Baretium; archaic german: Väris) is a city and ''comune'' in north-western Lombardy, northern Italy, north-west of Milan. The population of Varese in 2018 has reached 80,559. It is the c ... Images Soe kõrtsihoone.JPG, Kärgula mõisa kõrvalhoone.jpg, Heimtali Peetri kirik eestvaates.JPG, Järvere b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osula
Osula is a village in Võru Parish, Võru County, in southeastern Estonia. As of the 2011 census, the settlement's population was 335. The Battle of Määritsa was held in Osula village between the Estonian partisans Forest Brothers The Guerrilla war in the Baltic states was an armed struggle which was waged by the Latvian, Lithuanian, and Estonian partisans, called the Forest Brothers (also: the "Brothers of the Wood" and the "Forest Friars"; et, metsavennad, lv, mež ... and Soviet occupation forces on 31 March 1946. File:Osula kalmistu 2012-3.jpg, Chapel at Osula cemetery References Võru Parish Villages in Võru County Kreis Werro {{võru-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endel Redlich
Armed Combat Union (, abbreviation RVL) was an Estonian underground organization of the Forest Brothers established in the spring of 1946 in Läänemaa in response to the Soviet occupation. The head of the RVL was Endel Redlich. Goals The aim of the organization was to prepare for an armed uprising in the event of a war between the United States, Britain and the USSR. Attempts were made in each city and municipality to set up their own branch organizations under the auspices of the center. You only knew the people in your organization and their nicknames. The union had its own statutes, conspiracy apartments and informants. People opposed to Soviet rule were recruited as members and had to take an oath. Leaflets and posters were distributed, shops were robbed, information about the communists was collected for later sabotage, ambushes, or infiltration. History In the second half of 1945, several leaders of the forest brothers of Lääne County and Pärnu County began to co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ants Kaljurand
Ants Kaljurand (20 October 1917 – 13 March 1951) – Metsavennad.esm.ee (in Estonian) popularly known as ''Terrifying Ants'', ( et, Hirmus Ants), was an Estonian Nazi collaborator, , and during and after . Early life Ants Kaljurand was born on 20 October 1917 in |
Ants Kaljurand (cropped)
Ants Kaljurand (20 October 1917 – 13 March 1951) – Metsavennad.esm.ee (in Estonian) popularly known as ''Terrifying Ants'', ( et, Hirmus Ants), was an Estonian Nazi collaborator, , and during and after . Early life Ants Kaljurand was born on 20 October 1917 in |
Destruction Battalions
Destruction battalions,, uk, Винищувальні батальйони, be, Zniszczalnyja batalëny, , et, hävituspataljonid, lt, Naikintojų batalionai, lv, Iznīcinātāju bataljoni, group=nb colloquially istrebitels (истребители, "destroyers", "exterminators") abbreviated: istrebki (Russian), strybki (Ukrainian), lt, stribai, link=no, were paramilitary units under the control of NKVD in the western Soviet Union, which performed tasks of internal security on the Eastern Front and after it. After the Fall of the Soviet Union the battalions were deemed by the Riigikogu (Parliament of Estonia) to be a criminal organisation. Background As Germany attacked the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, a state of war was declared in the western regions of the country. Vladimir Tributs the Commander-in-Chief of the Baltic Fleet of the Soviet Union issued an order on 24 June 1941 warning of the paralysing actions of enemy paratrooper squads aided by the "capitalist-kulak" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tyumen Oblast
Tyumen Oblast (russian: Тюме́нская о́бласть, ''Tyumenskaya oblast'') is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is geographically located in the Western Siberia region of Siberia, and is administratively part of the Urals Federal District. The oblast has administrative jurisdiction over two autonomous okrugs: Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Tyumen Oblast including its autonomous okrugs is the third-largest federal subject by area, and has a population of 3,395,755 ( 2010). (The rank is given without the autonomous okrugs' populations; the population and percentages are given for the territory of the oblast with the autonomous okrugs) Tyumen is the largest city and capital of Tyumen Oblast, and the first Russian settlement east of the Ural Mountains. Tyumen Oblast is the largest producer of oil and natural gas in the country, and has experienced an oil boom since the early 2000s. The rapid growth of the fuel industry has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perm Oblast
Until 1 December 2005, Perm Oblast (russian: Пе́рмская о́бласть) was a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) in Privolzhsky (Volga) Federal District. According to the results of the referendum held in October 2004, Perm Oblast was merged with Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug to form Perm Krai. It was established in 1938 as part of the RSFSR. From 1940 to 1957 it was named Molotov Oblast in honor of Vyacheslav Molotov. The oblast was named after its administrative center, the city of Perm. The oblast covered an area of 160,600 km², and as of the 2002 Census its population was 2,819,421. Before the merger, neighboring oblasts and republics were (from north clockwise) Komi Republic, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Republic of Bashkortostan, Udmurt Republic, and Kirov Oblast Kirov Oblast (russian: Ки́ровская о́бласть, ''Kirovskaya oblast'') is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) in Eastern Europe. Its administrative center is the city of Kirov. Populati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baltic Germans
Baltic Germans (german: Deutsch-Balten or , later ) were ethnic German inhabitants of the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, in what today are Estonia and Latvia. Since their coerced resettlement in 1939, Baltic Germans have markedly declined as a geographically determined ethnic group. However, it is estimated that several thousand people with some form of (Baltic) German identity still reside in Latvia and Estonia. Since the Middle Ages, native German-speakers formed the majority of merchants and clergy, and the large majority of the local landowning nobility who effectively constituted a ruling class over indigenous Latvian and Estonian non-nobles. By the time a distinct Baltic German ethnic identity began emerging in the 19th century, the majority of self-identifying Baltic Germans were non-nobles belonging mostly to the urban and professional middle class. In the 12th and 13th centuries, Catholic German traders and crusaders (''see '') began settling in the eas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
